Standard
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AS 4324.1:2025
[Current]Mobile equipment for continuous handling of bulk materials, Part 1: General requirements for the design of steel structures
AS 4324.1:2025 provides requirements for the design of steel structure for bulk handling equipment
Published: 24/10/2025
Pages: 149
Table of contents
Cited references
Content history
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
Preface
Introduction
1 Scope and general
1.1 Scope
1.2 Application
1.3 Normative references
1.4 Terms and definitions
1.5 Symbols and abbreviated terms
1.6 New designs and innovations
1.7 Basis of design
1.8 Technical specification
1.9 Basic digging parameters for bucket wheel machines
1.10 Corrosion protection and machine condition
1.11 Mechanisms, electrical, controls, commissioning, operation and asset management
1.11.1 Mechanisms
1.11.2 Electrical and controls (including computer/programmable controls)
1.11.3 Commissioning, operation and asset management
2 Materials
2.1 General
2.2 Limitation on use of brittle materials
2.2.1 General
2.2.2 Fracture and failure critical applications
2.3 Alternative materials and fabrication Standards
2.3.1 General
2.3.2 Basis of design
2.3.3 Material substitution
2.3.4 Fabrication practices and Standards
2.3.5 Demonstration of adequacy of alternative Standards used
3 Load assumptions
3.1 General
3.1.1 Technical specification and design loading
3.1.2 Loads and load limiting devices
3.1.3 Bulk density (γ)
3.2 Load groups
3.3 Main loads
3.3.1 Grouping
3.3.2 Dead loads (E)
3.3.3 Encrustation (V)
3.3.4 Inclination (N)
3.3.5 Live loads (F)
3.3.6 Basis for normal digging and lateral resistance determination
3.3.7 Normal digging resistance (U)
3.3.8 Normal lateral digging resistance (S)
3.3.8.1 General
3.3.8.2 Bucket wheel machines
3.3.8.3 Other reclaiming machines/fixed boom type machine
3.3.9 Permanent dynamic effects (D)
3.3.10 Forces associated with conveyor elements (G)
3.3.11 Friction (R)
3.3.12 Travel (L)
3.4 Additional loads
3.4.1 Grouping
3.4.2 Wind during operation (Wo, Wr, Ws)
3.4.3 Temperature (T)
3.4.4 Abnormal digging resistance (UU)
3.4.5 Abnormal lateral digging resistance (SS)
3.4.5.1 General
3.4.5.2 Slewing or bucket wheel machines
3.4.5.3 Other reclaiming machines/fixed boom type machines
3.4.6 Travel skew forces (LS)
3.4.6.1 Crawler-mounted machines
3.4.6.2 Rail-mounted machines — General
3.4.6.3 Rail-mounted machines — Skew reactions due to oblique travel
3.4.6.4 Rail-mounted machines — Skew reactions due to forward travel
3.4.7 Non-permanent dynamic effects (DD)
3.4.8 Snow, ice and hail loads (K)
3.4.9 Access ways (P)
3.4.10 Erection, dismantling and weighing (Y)
3.4.11 Maintenance loads (X)
3.4.12 Abnormal inclination (NN)
3.5 Special loads
3.5.1 Grouping
3.5.2 Grounding of a bucket wheel, ladder or discharge boom
3.5.2.1 General
3.5.2.2 Slight (A1)
3.5.2.3 Partial (A2)
3.5.2.4 Full (AA)
3.5.3 Uneven support where rail-mounted (QQ)
3.5.4 Uneven support where crawler-mounted (QQ)
3.5.5 Blocked chutes and hoppers (VV)
3.5.6 Excess material on conveyors (FF)
3.5.7 Travelling device obstructed (LL)
3.5.8 Lateral collision of boom (FS)
3.5.9 End-on collision of boom (FT)
3.5.10 Wind while idle (WWp and WWu)
3.5.11 Buffers (OO)
3.5.12 Earthquakes (EQp and EQu)
3.5.13 Burying (ZZ)
3.5.14 Bucket wheel and gearbox loss or loss of boom equipment (BL)
3.5.14.1 General
3.5.14.2 Bucket wheel and gearbox loss (BL)
3.5.14.3 Loss of Chutes/Telescopic Chutes
3.5.14.4 Loss of Other Significant Masses
3.5.15 Abnormal friction (RR)
3.5.16 Extra loads (EL)
3.6 Fatigue loads
3.6.1 General
3.6.2 Dead loads and encrustation (+/+E and +/+V)
3.6.3 Inclination (+/−N)
3.6.4 Live loads on conveyors (+/0CF.F)
3.6.5 Normal digging resistance (+/0CU.U)
3.6.6 Lateral digging resistance (+/−CS.S)
3.6.7 Permanent dynamic effects (+/−D)
3.6.8 Conveyor elements (+/+G)
3.6.9 Friction (+/−R)
3.6.10 Travel (+/−L)
3.7 Load cases
4 Overturning and drifting
4.1 Stability against overturning
4.2 Resistance against drifting
5 Design of structures
5.1 Loads and load cases
5.2 Fatigue design life
5.3 Steels having a high yield to ultimate tensile strength ratio
5.4 Design methods to allow for strength and serviceability
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Permissible stress design method
5.4.2.1 Application
5.4.2.2 General
5.4.2.3 General design approach
5.4.2.4 Determination of permissible stresses with respect to yield strength
5.4.2.5 Permissible stresses and loads causing buckling
5.4.2.6 Plates and shells
5.4.2.7 Connections
5.4.3 Limit-state-design method
5.4.3.1 Application
5.4.3.2 General
5.4.3.3 General design approach
5.4.3.4 Determination of minimum design capacity with respect to yield strength
5.4.3.5 Determination of minimum design capacity with respect to buckling strength
5.4.3.6 Plates and shells
5.4.3.7 Connections
5.4.4 Serviceability
5.5 Fatigue strength of structural components and joints
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Permissible stress ranges
5.5.3 Compressive stress ranges
5.6 Bolting and riveting
5.6.1 Fitted bolts
5.6.2 Low strength non-fitted bolts (e.g. forged black bolts)
5.6.3 Rivets
5.6.4 Joints using high tensile bolts
5.6.5 Serrated bearing bolts
5.7 Steel wire ropes, straps and stays in tension, and hydraulic cylinders
5.7.1 General
5.7.2 Factors to be included
5.7.3 Duplication for operator’s cabin
5.7.4 Duplication of ropes, straps and stays
5.7.5 Safety factor
5.7.6 Chains and racks
5.7.7 Hydraulic cylinders
5.8 Slewing race safety hooks to prevent separation at the slew race
5.9 Mass and centre of gravity of machine
5.10 Lifting beams and lugs
6 Ancillary structures
6.1 Loads and load cases
6.2 Supporting structures and rails
6.3 Tie-down and restraints
6.4 Major maintenance works
Appendix A
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Section 1 Scope and general
A.3 Clause 1.1 Scope
A.4 Clause 1.2 Application
A.5 Clause 1.3 Normative references
A.6 Clause 1.4 Terms and definitions
A.7 Clause 1.5 Symbols and abbreviated terms
A.8 Clause 1.6 New designs and innovations
A.9 Clause 1.7 Basis of design
A.10 Clause 1.8 Technical specification
A.11 Clause 1.9 Basic digging parameters for bucket wheel machines
A.12 Clause 1.10 Corrosion protection and machine condition
A.13 Clause 1.11 Mechanisms, electrical, controls, commissioning, operation and asset management
A.14 Section 2 Materials
A.15 Clauses 2.1 and 2.2
A.16 Clause 2.3 Alternative materials and fabrication Standards
A.17 Section 3 Load assumptions
A.18 Clause 3.1 General
A.19 Clause 3.1.1 Technical specification and design loading
A.20 Clause 3.1.2 Loads and load limiting devices
A.21 Clause 3.1.3 Bulk density
A.22 Clause 3.2 Load groups
A.23 Clause 3.3 Main loads
A.24 Clause 3.3.1 Grouping
A.25 Clause 3.3.2 Dead loads (E)
A.26 Clause 3.3.3 Encrustation (V)
A.27 Clause 3.3.3(a) Encrustation (V)
A.28 Clause 3.3.3(b) Encrustation (V)
A.29 Clause 3.3.3(e) Encrustation (V)
A.30 Clause 3.3.3(f) Encrustation (V)
A.31 Clause 3.3.4 Inclination (N)
A.32 Clause 3.3.5 Live loads (F)
A.33 Clause 3.3.6 Basis for normal digging and lateral resistance determination
A.34 Clause 3.3.7 Normal digging resistance (U)
A.35 Clause 3.3.8 Normal lateral digging resistance (S)
A.36 Clause 3.3.9 Permanent dynamic effects (D)
A.37 Clause 3.3.10 Forces associated with conveyor elements (G)
A.38 Clause 3.3.11 Friction (R)
A.39 Clause 3.3.12 Travel (L)
A.40 Clause 3.4 Additional loads
A.41 Clause 3.4.1 Grouping
A.42 Clause 3.4.2 Wind during operation (Wo, Wr, Ws)
A.43 Clause 3.4.3 Temperature (T)
A.44 Clause 3.4.4 Abnormal digging resistance (UU)
A.45 Clause 3.4.5 Abnormal lateral digging resistance (SS)
A.46 Clause 3.4.6 Travel skew forces (LS)
A.47 Clause 3.4.7 Non-permanent dynamic effects (DD)
A.48 Clause 3.4.8 Snow, ice and hail loads (K)
A.49 Clause 3.4.9 Access ways (P)
A.50 Clause 3.4.10 Erection, dismantling and weighing (Y)
A.51 Clause 3.4.11 Maintenance loads (X)
A.52 Clause 3.4.12 Abnormal inclination (NN)
A.53 Clause 3.5 Special loads
A.54 Clause 3.5.1 Grouping
A.55 Clause 3.5.2 Grounding of bucket wheel, ladder or boom
A.56 Clause 3.5.2.1 General
A.57 Clause 3.5.2.2 Slight (A1)
A.58 Clause 3.5.2.3 Partial (A2)
A.59 Clause 3.5.2.4 Full (AA)
A.60 Clause 3.5.3 Uneven support where rail-mounted (QQ)
A.61 Clause 3.5.4 Uneven support where crawler-mounted (QQ)
A.62 Clause 3.5.5 Blocked chutes and hoppers (VV)
A.63 Clause 3.5.6 Excess material on conveyors (FF)
A.64 Clause 3.5.7 Travelling device obstructed (LL)
A.65 Clause 3.5.8 Lateral collision of boom (FS)
A.66 Clause 3.5.9 End-on collision of boom (FT)
A.67 Clause 3.5.10 Wind while idle (WWp and WWu)
A.68 Clause 3.5.11 Buffers (OO)
A.69 Clause 3.5.12 Earthquakes (EQp and EQu)
A.70 Clause 3.5.13 Burying (ZZ)
A.71 Clause 3.5.14 Bucketwheel and gearbox loss or loss of boom equipment (BL)
A.72 Clause 3.5.15 Abnormal friction (RR)
A.73 Clause 3.5.16 Extra loads (EL)
A.74 Clause 3.6 Fatigue loads
A.75 Clause 3.6.1 General
A.76 Clause 3.6.2 Dead loads and encrustation (+/+E and +/+V)
A.77 Clause 3.6.3 Inclination (+/−N)
A.78 Clause 3.6.4 Live loads on conveyors (+/0CF.F)
A.79 Clause 3.6.5 Normal digging resistance (+/0CU.U)
A.80 Clause 3.6.6 Lateral digging resistance (+/−CS.S)
A.81 Clause 3.6.7 Permanent dynamic effects (+/−D)
A.82 Clause 3.6.8 Conveyor elements (+/+G)
A.83 Clause 3.6.9 Friction (+/−R)
A.84 Clause 3.6.10 Travel (+/−L)
A.85 Table 3.6
A.86 Clause 3.7 Load cases
A.87 Tables 3.7(A) and 3.7(B) Load combinations for design of machine structures
A.88 Section 4 Overturning and drifting
A.89 Clause 4.1 Stability against overturning
A.90 Clause 4.2 Resistance against drifting
A.91 Section 5 Structures
A.92 Clause 5.1 Loads and load cases
A.93 Clause 5.2 Fatigue design life
A.94 Clause 5.3 Steels having high yield to ultimate tensile strength ratio
A.95 Clause 5.4 Design methods to allow for strength and serviceability
A.96 Clause 5.4.1 General
A.97 Clause 5.4.2 Permissible stress design method
A.98 Clause 5.4.2.1 Application
A.99 Clause 5.4.2.2 General
A.100 Clause 5.4.2.3 General design approach
A.101 Clause 5.4.2.4 Determination of permissible stress with respect to yield strength
A.102 Clause 5.4.2.5 Permissible stresses and loads causing buckling
A.103 Clause 5.4.2.6 Plates and shells
A.104 Clause 5.4.2.7 Connections
A.105 Clause 5.4.3 Limit state design method
A.106 Clause 5.4.4 Serviceability
A.107 Clause 5.5 Fatigue strength of structural components and joints
A.108 Clause 5.5.1 General
A.109 Clause 5.5.2 Permissible stress ranges
A.110 Clause 5.5.3 Compressive stress ranges
A.111 Clause 5.6 Bolts and riveting
A.112 Clause 5.7 Steel wire ropes, straps and stays, and hydraulic cylinders
A.113 Clause 5.7.1 General
A.114 Clause 5.7.2 Factors to be considered
A.115 Clause 5.7.3 Duplication for operator’s cabin
A.116 Clause 5.7.4 Duplication
A.117 Clause 5.7.5 Safety factor
A.118 Clause 5.7.6 Chains and racks
A.119 Clause 5.7.7 Hydraulic cylinders
A.120 Clause 5.8 Slewing race safety hooks to prevent separation at the slew race
A.121 Clause 5.9 Mass and centre of gravity of machine
A.122 Clause 5.10 Lifting beams and lugs
A.123 Section 6 Ancillary structures
A.124 Clause 6.1 Loads and load cases
A.125 Clause 6.2 Supporting structures and rails
A.126 Clause 6.3 Tie-downs and restraints
A.127 Clause 6.4 Major maintenance works
A.128 Appendix A Explanatory notes
A.129 Appendix B Information to be supplied within the technical specification
A.130 Appendix C Normative references
A.131 Appendix D Quantity symbols (retitled as Symbols and abbreviated terms)
A.132 Appendix E Typical types of mobile continuous bulk handling equipment
A.133 Appendix F Basic digging parameters for bucketwheel machines
A.134 Appendix G Loose measure volumetric capacity of digging elements
A.135 Appendix H Typical bulk densities of handled material
A.136 Appendix I Live loads on conveyors
A.137 Appendix J Plate buckling
A.138 Appendix K Functions for a design audit engineer during audit of a structure
A.139 Appendix L 1995 ultimate limit state factors
A.140 Bibliography
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
F.1 Quantity symbols for Appendix F
F.2 Basics for calculations
Appendix G
G.1 General
G.2 Bucket wheels
G.3 Bucket chains
Appendix H
Appendix I
I.1 Nominal capacities of conveyors
I.1.1 Units with no built-in digging device
I.1.2 Units fitted with digging or reclaiming device
I.1.3 Units that are loaded by and travel during operation with a yard conveyor or the like
I.2 Load cross-sectional area (S) for main live load (F)
I.3 Maximum load cross-sectional area (Sm) for special load (FF)
Appendix J
Appendix K
Bibliography
Cited references in this standard
AS 1418.1:2002
Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 1: General requirements
[Current]
Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders - Design, construction and installation
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