Standard
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AS 4324.1:2017
[Pending Revision]Specifies general requirements, design loads and specific requirements for the design of structures of mobile equipment for continuous handling of bulk materials, including appliances and machines that are intended to carry out similar functions (e.g. excavators, stackers, reclaimers, ship loaders, ship unloaders, belt wagons, sizing rigs and spreaders).
Published: 05/12/2017
Pages: 132
Table of contents
Cited references
Content history
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
Preface
1 Scope and general
1.1 Scope
1.2 Application
1.3 Innovation
1.4 Normative reference
1.5 Notation
1.6 Definitions
1.7 Basis of design
1.8 Technical specification
1.9 Basic digging parameters for bucket wheel machines
1.10 Corrosion protection and machine condition
1.11 Relationship to Parts 2, 3 and 4
1.11.1 General
1.11.2 Part 2—Mechanisms
1.11.3 Part 3—Electrical and controls (Including computer/programmable controls)
1.11.4 Part 4—commissioning, operation and asset management
2 Materials
2.1 General
2.2 Limitation on use of brittle materials
2.2.1 General
2.2.2 Critical applications
2.2.3 Non-critical applications
2.3 Alternative materials and fabrication standards
2.3.1 General
2.3.2 Basis of design
2.3.3 Material substitution
2.3.4 Fabrication practices and standards
2.3.5 Demonstration of adequacy of alternative standards used
3 Load assumptions
3.1 General
3.1.1 Technical specification and design loading
3.1.2 Loads and load limiting devices
3.1.3 Bulk density (γ)
3.2 Load groups
3.3 Main loads
3.3.1 Grouping
3.3.2 Dead loads (E)
3.3.3 Encrustation (V)
3.3.4 Inclination (N)
3.3.5 Live loads (F)
3.3.6 Basis for normal digging and lateral resistance determination
3.3.7 Normal digging resistance (U)
3.3.8 Normal lateral digging resistance (S)
3.3.8.1 General
3.3.8.2 Bucket wheel machines
3.3.8.3 Other reclaiming machines/fixed boom type machine
3.3.9 Permanent dynamic effects (D)
3.3.10 Forces associated with conveyor elements (G)
3.3.11 Friction (R)
3.3.12 Travel (L)
3.4 Additional loads
3.4.1 Grouping
3.4.2 Wind during operation (W)
3.4.3 Temperature (T)
3.4.4 Abnormal digging resistance (UU)
3.4.5 Abnormal lateral digging resistance (SS)
3.4.5.1 General
3.4.5.2 Slewing or bucket wheel machines
3.4.5.3 Other reclaiming machines/fixed boom type machines
3.4.6 Travel skew forces (LS)
3.4.6.1 Crawler-mounted machines
3.4.6.2 Rail-mounted machines—General
3.4.6.3 Rail-mounted machines—Skew reactions due to oblique travel
3.4.6.4 Rail-mounted machines—Skew reactions due to forward travel
3.4.7 Non-permanent dynamic effects (DD)
3.4.8 Snow, ice and hail loads (K)
3.4.9 Access ways (P)
3.4.10 Erection, dismantling and weighing (Y)
3.4.11 Maintenance loads (X)
3.4.12 Abnormal inclination (NN)
3.5 Special loads
3.5.1 Grouping
3.5.2 Grounding of a bucket wheel, ladder or discharge boom
3.5.2.1 General
3.5.2.2 Slight (A1)
3.5.2.3 Partial (A2)
3.5.2.4 Full (AA)
3.5.3 Uneven support where rail-mounted (QQ)
3.5.4 Uneven support where crawler-mounted (QQ)
3.5.5 Blocked chutes and hoppers (VV)
3.5.6 Excess material on conveyors (FF)
3.5.7 Travelling device obstructed (LL)
3.5.8 Lateral collision of boom (FS)
3.5.9 End-on collision of boom (FT)
3.5.10 Wind while idle (WWp and WWu)
3.5.11 Buffers (OO)
3.5.12 Earthquakes (EQp and EQu)
3.5.13 Burying (ZZ)
3.5.14 Bucket wheel and gearbox loss (BL)
3.5.15 Abnormal friction (RR)
3.5.16 Extra loads (EL)
3.6 Fatigue loads
3.6.1 General
3.6.2 Dead loads and encrustation (+/+E and +/+V)
3.6.3 Inclination (+/−N)
3.6.4 Live loads on conveyors (+/0CF.F)
3.6.5 Normal digging resistance (+/0CU.U)
3.6.6 Lateral digging resistance (+/−CS.S)
3.6.7 Permanent dynamic effects (+/−D)
3.6.8 Conveyor elements (+/+G)
3.6.9 Friction (+/−R)
3.6.10 Travel (+/−L)
3.7 Load cases
4 Overturning and drifting
4.1 Stability against overturning
4.2 Resistance against drifting
5 Design of structures
5.1 Loads and load cases
5.2 Fatigue design life
5.3 Steels having a high yield to ultimate tensile strength ratio
5.4 Design methods to allow for strength and serviceability
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Permissible stress design method
5.4.2.1 Application
5.4.2.2 General
5.4.2.3 General design approach
5.4.2.4 Determination of permissible stresses with respect to yield strength
5.4.2.5 Permissible stresses and loads causing buckling
5.4.2.6 Plates and shells
5.4.2.7 Connections
5.4.3 Limit state design method
5.4.3.1 Application
5.4.3.2 General
5.4.3.3 General design approach
5.4.3.4 Determination of minimum design capacity with respect to yield strength
5.4.3.5 Determination of minimum design capacity with respect to buckling strength
5.4.3.6 Plates and shells
5.4.3.7 Connections
5.4.4 Serviceability
5.5 Fatigue strength of structural components and joints
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Permissible stress ranges
5.5.3 Compressive stress ranges
5.6 Bolting and riveting
5.6.1 Fitted bolts
5.6.2 Low strength non-fitted bolts (e.g. forged black bolts)
5.6.3 Rivets
5.6.4 Joints using high tensile bolts
5.6.5 Serrated bearing bolts
5.7 Steel wire ropes, straps and stays in tension, and hydraulic cylinders
5.7.1 General
5.7.2 Factors to be considered
5.7.3 Duplication for operator’s cabin
5.7.4 Duplication of ropes, straps and stays
5.7.5 Safety factor
5.7.6 Chains and racks
5.7.7 Hydraulic cylinders
5.8 Slewing race safety hooks to prevent separation at the slew race
5.9 Mass and centre of gravity of machine
5.10 Lifting beams and lugs
6 Ancillary structures
6.1 Loads and load cases
6.2 Supporting structures and rails
6.3 Tie-down and restraints
6.4 Major maintenance works
Appendix A
A1 Introduction
A2 Section 1 Scope and general
A3 Clause 1.1 Scope
A4 Clause 1.2 Application
A5 Clause 1.3 Innovation
A6 Clause 1.4 Referenced documents
A7 Clause 1.5 Notation
A8 Clause 1.6 Definitions
A9 Clause 1.7 Assumptions
A10 Clause 1.8 Technical specification
A11 Clause 1.9 Basic digging parameters for bucket wheel machines
A12 Clause 1.10 Corrosion protection and machine condition
A13 Clause 1.11 Relationship to Parts 2, 3 and 4
A14 Section 2 Materials
A15 Clauses 2.1 and 2.2
A16 Clause 2.3 Alternative materials and fabrication standards
A17 Section 3 Load assumptions
A18 Clause 3.1 General
A19 Clause 3.1.1 Technical specification and design loading
A20 Clause 3.1.2 Loads and load limiting devices
A21 Clause 3.1.3 Bulk density
A22 Clause 3.2 Load groups
A23 Clause 3.3 Main loads
A24 Clause 3.3.1 Grouping
A25 Clause 3.3.2 Dead loads (E)
A26 Clause 3.3.3 Encrustation (V)
A27 Clause 3.3.3(a) Encrustation (V)
A28 Clause 3.3.3(b) Encrustation (V)
A29 Clause 3.3.3(e) Encrustation (V)
A30 Clause 3.3.3(f) Encrustation (V)
A31 Clause 3.3.4 Inclination (N)
A32 Clause 3.3.5 Live loads (F)
A33 Clause 3.3.6 Basis for normal digging and lateral resistance determination
A34 Clause 3.3.7 Normal digging resistance (U)
A35 Clause 3.3.8 Normal lateral digging resistance (S)
A36 Clause 3.3.9 Permanent dynamic effects (D)
A37 Clause 3.3.10 Forces associated with conveyor elements (G)
A38 Clause 3.3.11 Friction (R)
A39 Clause 3.3.12 Travel (L)
A40 Clause 3.4 Additional loads
A41 Clause 3.4.1 Grouping
A42 Clause 3.4.2 Wind during operation (W)
A43 Clause 3.4.3 Temperature (T)
A44 Clause 3.4.4 Abnormal digging resistance (UU)
A45 Clause 3.4.5 Abnormal lateral digging resistance (SS)
A46 Clause 3.4.6 Travel skew forces (LS)
A47 Clause 3.4.7 Non-permanent dynamic effects (DD)
A48 Clause 3.4.8 Snow, ice and hail loads (K)
A49 Clause 3.4.9 Access ways (P)
A50 Clause 3.4.10 Erection, dismantling and weighing (Y)
A51 Clause 3.4.11 Maintenance loads (X)
A52 Clause 3.4.12 Abnormal inclination (NN)
A53 Clause 3.5 Special loads
A54 Clause 3.5.1 Grouping
A55 Clause 3.5.2 Grounding of bucket wheel, ladder or boom
A56 Clause 3.5.2.1 General
A57 Clause 3.5.2.2 Slight (A1)
A58 Clause 3.5.2.3 Partial (A2)
A59 Clause 3.5.2.4 Full (AA)
A60 Clause 3.5.3 Uneven support where rail-mounted (QQ)
A61 Clause 3.5.4 Uneven support where crawler-mounted (QQ)
A62 Clause 3.5.5 Blocked chutes and hoppers (VV)
A63 Clause 3.5.6 Excess material on conveyors (FF)
A64 Clause 3.5.7 Travelling device obstructed (LL)
A65 Clause 3.5.8 Lateral collision of boom (FS)
A66 Clause 3.5.9 End-on collision of boom (FT)
A67 Clause 3.5.10 Wind while idle (WWp and WWu)
A68 Clause 3.5.11 Buffers (OO)
A69 Clause 3.5.12 Earthquakes (EQp and EQu)
A70 Clause 3.5.13 Burying (ZZ)
A71 Clause 3.5.14 Bucketwheel and gearbox loss (BL)
A72 Clause 3.5.15 Abnormal friction (RR)
A73 Clause 3.5.16 Extra loads (EL)
A74 Clause 3.6 Fatigue loads
A75 Clause 3.6.1 General
A76 Clause 3.6.2 Dead loads and encrustation (+/+E and +/+V)
A77 Clause 3.6.3 Inclination (+/−N)
A78 Clause 3.6.4 Live loads on conveyors (+/0CF.F)
A79 Clause 3.6.5 Normal digging resistance (+/0CU.U)
A80 Clause 3.6.6 Lateral digging resistance (+/−CS.S)
A81 Clause 3.6.7 Permanent dynamic effects (+/−D)
A82 Clause 3.6.8 Conveyor elements (+/+G)
A83 Clause 3.6.9 Friction (+/−R)
A84 Clause 3.6.10 Travel (+/−L)
A85 Table 3.6
A86 Clause 3.7 Load cases
A87 Tables 3.7(A) and 3.7(B) Load combinations for design of machine structures
A88 Section 4 Overturning and drifting
A89 Clause 4.1 Stability against overturning
A90 Clause 4.2 Resistance against drifting
A91 Section 5 Structures
A92 Clause 5.1 Loads and load cases
A93 Clause 5.2 Fatigue design life
A94 Clause 5.3 Steels having high yield to ultimate tensile strength ratio
A95 Clause 5.4 Design methods to allow for strength and serviceability
A96 Clause 5.4.1 General
A97 Clause 5.4.2 Permissible stress design method
A98 Clause 5.4.2.1 Application
A99 Clause 5.4.2.2 General
A100 Clause 5.4.2.3 General design approach
A101 Clause 5.4.2.4 Determination of permissible stress with respect to yield strength
A102 Clause 5.4.2.5 Permissible stresses and loads causing buckling
A103 Clause 5.4.2.6 Plates and shells
A104 Clause 5.4.2.7 Connections
A105 Clause 5.4.3 Limit state design method
A106 Clause 5.4.4 Serviceability
A107 Clause 5.5 Fatigue strength of structural components and joints
A108 Clause 5.5.1 General
A109 Clause 5.5.2 Permissible stress ranges
A110 Clause 5.5.3 Compressive stress ranges
A111 Clause 5.6 Bolts and riveting
A112 Clause 5.7 Steel wire ropes, straps and stays, and hydraulic cylinders
A113 Clause 5.7.1 General
A114 Clause 5.7.2 Factors to be considered
A115 Clause 5.7.3 Duplication for operator’s cabin
A116 Clause 5.7.4 Duplication
A117 Clause 5.7.5 Safety factor
A118 Clause 5.7.6 Chains and racks
A119 Clause 5.7.7 Hydraulic cylinders
A120 Clause 5.8 Slewing race safety hooks to prevent separation at the slew race
A121 Clause 5.9 Mass and centre of gravity of machine
A122 Clause 5.10 Lifting beams and lugs
A123 Section 6 Ancillary structures
A124 Clause 6.1 Loads and load cases
A125 Clause 6.2 Supporting structures and rails
A126 Clause 6.3 Tie-downs and restraints
A127 Clause 6.4 Major maintenance works
A128 Appendix A Explanatory notes
A129 Appendix B Information to be supplied within the technical specification
A130 Appendix C Normative references
A131 Appendix D Quantity symbols
A132 Appendix E Typical types of mobile continuous bulk handling equipment
A133 Appendix F Basic digging parameters for bucket wheel machines
A134 Appendix G Loose measure volumetric capacity of digging elements
A135 Appendix H Typical bulk densities of handled material
A136 Appendix I Live loads on conveyors
A137 Appendix J Plate buckling
A138 Appendix K Functions for a design audit engineer during audit of a structure
A139 Appendix L 1995 ultimate limit state factors
A140 Bibliography
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
F1 Quantity symbols for Appendix F
F2 Basics for calculations
Appendix G
G1 General
G2 Bucket wheels
G3 Bucket chains
Appendix H
Appendix I
I1 Nominal capacities of conveyors
I1.1 Units with no built-in digging device
I1.2 Units fitted with digging or reclaiming device
I1.3 Units that are loaded by and travel during operation with a yard conveyor or the like
I2 Load cross-sectional area (S) for main live load (F)
I3 Maximum load cross-sectional area (Sm) for special load (FF)
Appendix J
Appendix K
Appendix L
Bibliography
Cited references in this standard
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