Standard
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AS/NZS ISO 19144.2:2024
[Current]AS/NZS ISO 19144.2:2024 identically adopts ISO 19144 2:2023, which specifies a Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) expressed as a UML metamodel that allows different Land Cover classification systems to be described based on physiognomic aspects. This document provides a common reference structure for the comparison and integration of data for any generic Land Cover classification system but does not intend to replace those classification systems
Published: 26/04/2024
Pages: 148
Table of contents
Cited references
Content history
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
Preface
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Abbreviated terms
4 Conformance
4.1 Conformance requirements and testing
4.2 Conformance classes
4.3 Conformance class 1 — Description of a Land Cover classification system
4.4 Conformance class 2 — Comparison of Land Cover classification systems
5 Notation
6 Context
7 Conceptual basis
7.1 Definition adopted for Land Cover
7.2 Geometric aspects of classification
7.3 Relationship to Land Use
7.4 LCML approach to class definition
7.4.1 LCML basic principle
7.4.2 Land cover classification system design criteria
7.4.3 General rules for classification
7.4.4 Land cover metalanguage-elements
7.4.5 Layering
7.4.6 Packages
8 LCML objects
8.1 Overview of LCML objects
8.2 Relation to ISO 19144-1
8.3 Composition of a LC_LandCover object
8.4 Elements of the LCML metamodel
8.5 High level structure
8.5.1 High level structure subtypes
8.5.2 High level structure classes
8.5.2.1 LC_LandCoverClassificationSystemMetaLanguage
8.5.2.2 LC_LandCoverClassificationSystem
8.5.2.3 LC_LandCoverClassDescriptor
8.5.2.4 LC_LandCoverClass
8.6 Land Cover Meta Language object structure
8.6.1 Land Cover Meta Language object structure subtypes
8.6.2 Land Cover Meta Language object structure classes
8.6.2.1 LC_LandCoverClassDescriptor
8.6.2.2 LC_HorizontalPattern
8.6.2.3 LC_PlanarStrataComposition
8.6.2.4 LC_Stratum
8.6.2.5 LC_InterStrataRelationship
8.6.2.6 LC_Element
8.6.2.7 LC_ElementRelationInSameStratum
8.6.2.8 LC_ElementHorizontalArrangement
8.6.2.9 LC_ElementHorizontalSpreadingType
8.6.2.10 LC_StratumPresenceType
8.6.2.11 LC_ElementPresenceType
8.6.2.12 LC_SequentialTemporalRelationshipType
8.6.2.13 LC_OnTopType
8.7 LC_Element
8.7.1 LC_Element subtypes
8.7.2 LC_Element classes
8.7.2.1 LC_VegetationElement
8.7.2.2 LC_AbioticElement
8.8 LC_VegetationElement
8.8.1 LC_VegetationElement subtypes
8.8.2 LC_VegetationElement classes
8.8.2.1 LC_GrowthForm
8.8.2.2 LC_LifeFormSpecializationType
8.8.2.3 LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic
8.9 LC_GrowthForm
8.9.1 LC_GrowthForm subtypes
8.9.2 LC_GrowthForm classes
8.9.2.1 LC_WoodyGrowthForm
8.9.2.2 LC_HerbaceousGrowthForm
8.9.2.3 LC_LichenAndMoss
8.9.2.4 LC_Algae
8.9.2.5 LC_AlgaeStatus
8.10 LC_WoodyGrowthForm
8.10.1 LC_WoodyGrowthForm subtypes
8.10.2 LC_WoodyGrowthForm classes
8.10.2.1 LC_Tree
8.10.2.2 LC_Shrub
8.10.2.3 LC_WoodyLeafType
8.10.2.4 LC_BroadLeaf
8.10.2.5 LC_NeedleLeaf
8.10.2.6 LC_Aphyllous
8.10.2.7 LC_WoodyLeafPhenology
8.10.2.8 LC_Evergreen
8.10.2.9 LC_Deciduous
8.10.2.10 LC_LeafArrangement
8.10.2.11 LC_BroadLeafShape
8.10.2.12 LC_BroadLeafVenation
8.10.2.13 LC_WoodyLeafCharacter
8.10.2.14 LC_ LeafAspectType
8.10.2.15 LC_LeafCharacterSize
8.11 LC_HerbaceousGrowthForm
8.11.1 LC_HerbaceousGrowthForm subtypes
8.11.2 LC_HerbaceousGrowthForm classes
8.11.2.1 LC_Graminoids
8.11.2.2 LC_Forbs
8.11.2.3 LC_HerbaceousLeafPhenology
8.11.2.4 LC_HerbaceousLeafCharacter
8.11.2.5 LC_LeafCharacterSize
8.11.2.6 LC_Perennial
8.11.2.7 LC_NonPerennial
8.11.2.8 LC_ForbsStatus
8.11.2.9 LC_ForbsLeafType
8.11.2.10 LC_GrowthFrequency
8.12 LC_LichenAndMoss
8.12.1 LC_LichenAndMoss subtypes
8.12.2 LC_LichenAndMoss classes
8.12.2.1 LC_Lichen
8.12.2.2 LC_Moss
8.13 LC_AbioticElement
8.13.1 LC_AbioticElement subtypes
8.13.2 LC_AbioticElement classes
8.13.2.1 LC_ArtificialSurfaceElement
8.13.2.2 LC_NaturalSurfaceElement
8.13.2.3 LC_WaterBodyAndAssociatedSurfaceElement
8.14 LC_ArtificialSurfaceElement
8.14.1 LC_ArtificialSurfaceElement subtypes
8.14.2 LC_ArtificialSurface classes
8.14.2.1 LC_BuiltUpSurface
8.14.2.2 LC_NonBuiltUpSurface
8.14.2.3 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCharacteristic
8.15 LC_NaturalSurfaceElement
8.15.1 LC_NaturalSurfaceElement subtypes
8.15.2 LC_NaturalSurfaceElement classes
8.15.2.1 LC_RocksSurfaceElement
8.15.2.2 LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceElement
8.16 LC_WaterBodyAndAssociatedSurfaceElement
8.16.1 LC_WaterBodyAndAssociatedSurfaceElement subtypes
8.16.2 LC_WaterBodyAndAssociatedSurfaceElement classes
8.16.2.1 LC_WaterBody
8.16.2.2 LC_Snow
8.16.2.3 LC_Ice
8.16.2.4 LC_TerrestrialIce
8.16.2.5 LC_FloatingIce
8.16.2.6 LC_WaterAndIceDynamics
8.16.2.7 LC_WaterBodyPositions
8.16.2.8 LC_PeriodicVariation
8.16.2.9 LC_PeriodicVariationType
8.16.2.10 LC_SnowType
8.16.2.11 LC_FloatingIceType
8.16.2.12 LC_TerrestrialIceType
8.16.2.13 LC_WaterAndAssociatedSurfacesCharacteristic
8.17 LC_BuiltUpSurface
8.17.1 LC_BuiltUpSurface subtypes
8.17.2 LC_BuiltUpSurface classes
8.17.2.1 LC_LinearSurface
8.17.2.2 LC_NonLinearSurface
8.17.2.3 LC_Building
8.17.2.4 LC_OtherConstruction
8.17.2.5 LC_OtherArtificialSurface
8.17.2.6 LC_LinearSurfaceType
8.17.2.7 LC_ConstructionMaterial
8.18 LC_NonBuiltUpSurface
8.18.1 LC_NonBuiltUpSurface subtypes
8.18.2 LC_NonBuiltUpSurface classes
8.18.2.1 LC_DumpSite
8.18.2.2 LC_Extraction
8.18.2.3 LC_DumpSiteType
8.18.2.4 LC_ExtractionType
8.19 LC_RocksSurfaceElement
8.19.1 LC_RocksSurface subtypes
8.19.2 LC_RocksSurfaceElement classes
8.19.2.1 LC_BareRock
8.19.2.2 LC_Hardpan
8.19.2.3 LC_HardpanType
8.20 LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceElement
8.20.1 LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceElement subtypes
8.20.2 LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceElement classes
8.20.2.1 LC_CoarseMineralFragments
8.20.2.2 LC_BareSoil
8.20.2.3 LC_LooseAndShiftingSand
8.20.2.4 LC_Deposits
8.20.2.5 LC_Dune
8.20.2.6 LC_OrganicDeposits
8.20.2.7 LC_InorganicDeposits
8.20.2.8 LC_CoarseMineralFragmentType
8.20.2.9 LC_MacropatternType
8.20.2.10 LC_DuneType
8.20.2.11 LC_InorganicDepositType
8.20.2.12 LC_OrganicDepositType
8.21 LC_ClassCharacteristic
8.21.1 LC_ClassCharacteristic subtypes
8.21.2 LC_ClassCharacteristic classes
8.21.2.1 LC_ClimateCharacteristic
8.21.2.2 LC_LandFormCharacteristic
8.21.2.3 LC_GeographicalAspectsCharacteristic
8.21.2.4 LC_TopographicalAspectsCharacteristic
8.21.2.5 LC_SurfaceCharacteristic
8.21.2.6 LC_RocksSurfaceCharacteristic
8.21.2.7 LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceCharacteristic
8.21.2.8 LC_LandformType
8.21.2.9 LC_GeoType
8.21.2.10 LC_SlopeExposition
8.21.2.11 LC_RockType
8.21.2.12 LC_RockAgeType
8.21.2.13 LC_SoilType
8.21.2.14 LC_ErosionType
8.21.2.15 LC_SedimentationType
8.22 LC_LandCoverElementCharacteristic
8.22.1 LC_LandCoverElementCharacteristic subtypes
8.22.2 LC_LandCoverElementCharacteristic classes
8.22.2.1 LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic
8.22.2.2 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCharacteristic
8.22.2.3 LC_WaterAndAssociatedSurfaceCharacteristic
8.22.2.4 LC_NaturalSurfaceCharacteristic
8.22.2.5 LC_PermafrostCharacteristic
8.22.2.6 LC_PermafrostType
8.23 LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic
8.23.1 LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic subtypes
8.23.2 LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic classes
8.23.2.1 LC_FloristicAspectsCharacteristic
8.23.2.2 LC_AllometricMeasurementsCharacteristic
8.23.2.3 LC_GrowthFormAgeCharacteristic
8.23.2.4 LC_EvenAgeCharacteristic
8.23.2.5 LC_UnevenAgeCharacteristic
8.23.2.6 LC_BurntStatusCharacteristic
8.23.2.7 LC_VegetationDamageCharacteristic
8.23.2.8 LC_GrowthFormIllnessCharacteristic
8.23.2.9 LC_DeadStatusCharacteristic
8.23.2.10 LC_WaterStressCharacteristic
8.23.2.11 LC_GrazedCharacteristic
8.23.2.12 LC_MowedCharacteristic
8.23.2.13 LC_VegetationArtificialityCharacteristic
8.23.2.14 LC_NaturalOrSeminaturalVegetationCharacteristic
8.23.2.15 LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetationCharacteristic
8.23.2.16 LC_SpeciesName
8.23.2.17 LC_VegetationDamageType
8.23.2.18 LC_GrowthFormIllnessType
8.24 LC_NameAttributionCriteria
8.24.1 LC_NameAttributionCriteria subtypes
8.24.2 LC_NameAttributionCriteria classes
8.24.2.1 LC_NameAttributionCriteriaCharacteristic
8.24.2.2 LC_SinglePlantSpeciesCharacteristic
8.24.2.3 LC_GroupOfPlantSpeciesCharacteristic
8.24.2.4 LC_SinglePlantSpeciesType
8.24.2.5 LC_GroupOfPlantSpeciesType
8.25 LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetationCharacteristic
8.25.1 LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetationCharacteristic subtypes
8.25.2 LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetationCharacteristic classes
8.25.2.1 LC_CropYield
8.25.2.2 LC_PlantationCharacteristic
8.25.2.3 LC_TreePlantationCharacteristic
8.25.2.4 LC_OrchardAndOtherPlantationCharacteristic
8.25.2.5 LC_OverlapGrowingToReferenceCropCharacteristic
8.25.2.6 LC_CropGrowingParameter
8.25.2.7 LC_WaterSupplyPeriodCharacteristic
8.25.2.8 LC_FieldSizeCharacteristic
8.25.2.9 LC_MechanicalErosionControlFeatureCharacteristic
8.25.2.10 LC_Ploughed
8.25.2.11 LC_IrrigationType
8.25.2.12 LC_MechanicalErosionControlFeatureType
8.26 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCharacteristic
8.26.1 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCharacteristic subtypes
8.26.2 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCharacteristic classes
8.26.2.1 LC_ConstructionStatusCharacteristic
8.26.2.2 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCategoryCharacteristic
8.26.2.3 LC_ArtificialSurfaceDamageCharacteristic
8.26.2.4 LC_ArtificialDamageType
8.26.2.5 LC_ArtificialSurfaceType
8.26.2.6 LC_ConstructionStatusType
8.27 LC_WaterAndAssociatedSurfaceCharacteristic
8.27.1 LC_WaterAndAssociatedSurfaceCharacteristic subtypes
8.27.2 LC_WaterAndAssociatedSurfaceCharacteristic classes
8.27.2.1 LC_ArtificialityCharacteristic
8.27.2.2 LC_WaterSalinityCharacteristic
8.27.2.3 LC_SnowCategoryCharacteristic
8.27.2.4 LC_IceCategoryCharacteristic
8.27.2.5 LC_WaterChemistryCharacteristic
8.27.2.6 LC_ArtificialityType
8.27.2.7 LC_WaterSalinityType
8.27.2.8 LC_SnowType
8.27.2.9 LC_IceType
8.27.2.10 LC_NutrientLevel
8.28 LC_ValueObject permitted numeric values
8.28.1 LC_ValueObject general description
8.28.2 LC_ValueObject types
8.28.2.1 LC_ValueObject
8.28.2.2 Number
8.28.2.3 LC_PermittedRealValueType
8.28.2.4 LC_PermittedRealValue
8.28.2.5 LC_PermittedRealRange
8.28.2.6 LC_PermittedPosRealValue
8.28.2.7 LC_PermittedPosRealRange
8.28.2.8 LC_PermittedIntegerValueType
8.28.2.9 LC_PermittedPosIntegerValue
8.28.2.10 LC_PermittedPosIntegerRange
8.28.2.11 LC_PermittedPercentageValueType
8.28.2.12 LC_PermittedPercentageValue
8.28.2.13 LC_PermittedPercentageRange
9 Extension of the LCML
9.1 Extension process
9.2 Registration of extensions
9.3 Backward compatibility through registration
Annex A
A.1 Overview of abstract test suite
A.2 Conformance of a Land Cover classification system
A.3 Conformance of a comparison process of two Land Cover classification systems
A.4 Extension of the Land Cover Meta Language
A.5 Backward compatibility of the Land Cover Meta Language
Annex B
Annex C
C.1 Descriptive examples
C.2 Example 1 — Example of a horizontal pattern for tiger bush
C.3 Example 2 — Vegetation in three strata in a tree and shrub savannah
C.4 Example 3 — More than one element in one stratum — Grassland with patches of course fragments
C.5 Example 4 — Boulders with moss in a grassland
C.6 Example 5 — Mixed elements in two strata for a mangrove swamp
C.7 Example 6 — Building with roof garden
C.8 Example 7 — Boreal and hemi-boreal forest
C.9 Example 8 — Vegetation in multiple strata for a Hagemarklandscape
C.10 Example 9 — Bare field planted with wheat same year
C.11 Example 10 — Greenhouse
C.12 Example 11 — Example CORINE class 311 Broad-leaved Forests
C.13 Example 12 — Example CORINE class 111 continuous urban area(s)
C.14 Example 13 — Example CORINE class 244 agro-forestry area(s)
C.15 Example 14 — Example evergreen forest land (Anderson)
C.16 Example 15 — Example herbaceous with sparse tree/shrub (Global Map)
C.17 Example 16 — Example of complex agricultural Land Cover (pro-rata grassland) Montado
C.18 Example 17 — Example of wooded peatland (mire with trees)
Annex D
D.1 Glossary contents
D.2 Vegetation
D.2.1 Growth forms
D.2.2 Height
D.2.3 Cover
D.2.4 Element portioning
D.2.5 Strata portioning
D.2.6 Growth form types
D.2.7 Woody
D.2.8 Trees
D.2.9 Shrubs
D.2.10 Leaf phenology properties for woody growth forms
D.2.10.1 Leaf phenology
D.2.10.2 Evergreen
D.2.10.3 Deciduous
D.2.11 Leaf type properties for woody growth forms
D.2.11.1 Leaf type
D.2.11.2 Broadleaf
D.2.11.3 Needleleaf
D.2.11.4 Aphyllous
D.2.11.5 Broadleaf properties
D.2.12 Leaf arrangement
D.2.13 Broad leaf shape
D.2.14 Broadleaf venation
D.2.15 Herbaceous
D.2.15.1 General
D.2.15.2 Herbaceous leaf phenology properties
D.2.16 Forbs
D.2.16.1 General
D.2.16.2 Status
D.2.17 Graminoids
D.2.18 Lichens/Mosses
D.2.18.1 Lichens
D.2.18.2 Mosses
D.2.19 Algae (sing. alga)
D.3 Characteristics for Growth Forms
D.3.1 General
D.3.2 Floristic aspect type
D.3.3 Allometric measurements
D.3.4 Growth form age
D.3.5 Burnt status
D.3.6 Dead status
D.3.7 Water stress
D.3.8 Growth form illness
D.3.9 Grazed
D.3.10 Mowed
D.4 Natural and semi-natural vegetation
D.5 Cultivated and managed vegetation
D.5.1 General
D.5.2 Plantation
D.5.3 Crop yield
D.5.4 Crop-growing parameters
D.5.5 Plant-spreading geometry type
D.5.6 Water supply period
D.5.7 Field size
D.5.8 Mechanical erosion control
D.5.9 Ploughed
D.6 Artificial surfaces and associated areas
D.6.1 Surface aspect
D.6.2 Built-up surface
D.6.3 Linear surface
D.6.4 Nonlinear surface
D.6.5 Non-built-up surface
D.7 Abiotic natural surface
D.7.1 General
D.7.2 Bare rock
D.7.3 Hardpans
D.7.4 Ironpan/Laterite
D.7.5 Petrocalcic
D.7.6 Petrogypsic
D.7.7 Bare soil
D.7.8 Loose and shifting sand
D.7.9 Coarse fragments
D.7.10 Gravel, stones and boulders
D.7.11 Deposits
D.7.12 Organic deposits (peat)
D.7.13 Minerotrophic
D.7.14 Ombrotrophic
D.7.15 Inorganic deposits
D.8 Macropattern
D.8.1 General
D.8.2 Macropattern soil
D.9 Water body and associated surface
D.9.1 General
D.9.2 Water
D.9.3 Snow
D.9.4 Ice
D.9.5 Permafrost
D.9.6 Water nutrient level
D.10 Artificial surface characteristics
D.10.1 Construction status
D.10.2 Artificial surface type
D.11 Water and associated surface characteristics
D.11.1 Salinity
D.11.2 Artificiality
D.12 Land Cover class characteristics
D.12.1 Climate
D.12.2 Topographical aspects
D.12.3 Surface characteristics
Annex E
E.1 Revision of the ISO 19144 series on Classification Systems
E.2 Changes to Clause 9 on the Extension of LCML
E.3 Removal of Land Use elements
E.3.1 General
E.3.2 LU subtype of LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic and associated codelists
E.3.2.1 LC_Associated code lists
E.3.3 LU subtype of LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetation and associated code lists
E.3.3.1 LC_Associated code lists
E.3.4 LC_BuiltUpSurface classes related to Land Use
E.4 Other changes that impact backward compatibility
Annex F
F.1 Relationship between vertical and horizontal
F.2 LCML basic elements layering
F.3 Use of two or more elements in the same stratum
F.4 Horizontal pattern general conditions
Bibliography
Cited references in this standard
[Current]
Geographic information - General feature model and rules for application schema
[Current]
Geographic information - Schema for coverage geometry and functions - Part 1: Fundamentals
[Current]
Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 1: Classification system structure
Content history
[Current]
[Superseded]
DR AS/NZS ISO 19144.2:2024