Technical Specification
Track updates
iconCreated with Sketch.

SA TS 60079.32.1:2022

[Current]

Explosive atmospheres, Part 32.1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance (IEC TS 60079-32-1:2013/AMD 1:2017 (ED. 1.1) MOD)

SA TS 60079.32.1 adopts IEC TS 60079-32-1:2013/AMD 1:2017 (ED. 1.1) with modifications for Australia, which provides guidance about the equipment, product and process properties necessary to avoid ignition and electrostatic shock hazards arising from static electricity as well as the operational requirements needed to ensure safe use of the equipment, product or process.
Published: 23/12/2022
Pages: 182
Table of contents
Cited references
Content history
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
Preface
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Nomenclature
5 General
6 Static electricity in solid materials
6.1 General considerations
6.2 The use of conductive or dissipative materials in place of insulating ones
6.2.1 General considerations
6.2.2 Dissipative solid materials
6.2.3 Earthing of conductive and dissipative items
6.3 Precautions required when using insulating solid materials
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Restrictions on the size of chargeable insulating surfaces
6.3.3 Earthed metal meshes
6.3.4 Insulating coatings on earthed conductive surfaces
6.3.4.1 General
6.3.4.2 Avoidance of brush discharges
6.3.4.3 Avoidance of propagating brush discharges
6.3.5 Conductive or dissipative coatings on insulating materials
6.3.6 Static dissipative agents
6.3.7 Humidification
6.3.8 Ionization / Charge Neutralization
6.3.8.1 General
6.3.8.2 Passive ionisers
6.3.8.3 Active ionisers
6.3.8.4 Radioactive / soft X-ray ionisers
6.3.8.5 Ionised air blowers
6.3.9 Methods to determine the incendivity of discharges
6.4 Conveyor belts and transmission belts
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Conveyor belts
6.4.3 Transmission belts
7 Static electricity in liquids
7.1 General considerations
7.1.1 Occurrence of flammable atmospheres
7.1.2 Ignition sensitivity and limitations to the scope of advice
7.1.3 Charging mechanisms
7.1.4 Charge accumulation and conductivity classifications
7.1.5 Incendive discharges produced during liquid handling operations
7.2 Summary of precautions against ignition hazards during liquid handling operations
7.2.1 Earthing and avoidance of isolated conductors
7.2.2 Restricting charge generation
7.2.3 Avoidance of a flammable atmosphere
7.2.4 Promoting charge dissipation
7.3 Tanks and Containers
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Conductive tanks and containers
7.3.2.1 General
7.3.2.2 Large conductive tanks
7.3.2.2.1
7.3.2.2.2
7.3.2.2.3
7.3.2.2.4
7.3.2.3 Medium-sized conductive tanks
7.3.2.3.1 Scope
7.3.2.3.2 Precautions for fixed tanks
7.3.2.3.2.1 Precautions for all types of liquid
7.3.2.3.2.2 Additional precautions for low conductivity liquids
7.3.2.3.3 Precautions for road tankers
7.3.2.3.4 Precautions for rail tankers
7.3.2.3.5 Flow velocity and vd limits
7.3.2.3.5.1 General explanatory notes
7.3.2.3.5.2 Region over which flow limits apply
7.3.2.3.5.3 Limits for fixed tanks
7.3.2.3.5.4 Limits for road tankers
7.3.2.3.5.5 Limits for rail tankers
7.3.2.4 Small conductive tanks and containers
7.3.3 Tanks and containers made entirely of dissipative material
7.3.4 Tanks and containers with insulating surfaces
7.3.4.1 General
7.3.4.2 Tanks and containers made of conductive or dissipative material with insulating inner coatings
7.3.4.3 Tanks and containers made of conductive or dissipative materials with insulating outer coatings
7.3.4.4 Tanks and containers with conductive layers embedded in the walls
7.3.4.5 Containers and IBCs made of an insulating material surrounded by a conductive enclosure or coating
7.3.4.6 Tanks and containers made entirely of insulating material
7.3.5 Use of liners in containers
7.4 High viscosity liquids
7.5 High charging equipment
7.5.1 Filters, water separators and strainers
7.5.2 Pumps and other equipment
7.6 Gauging and sampling in tanks
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Precautions during gauging and sampling
7.7 Pipes and hose assemblies for liquids
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Pipes
7.7.2.1 Classification of pipes
7.7.2.2 Conductive or dissipative pipes
7.7.2.3 Conductive or dissipative pipes with an insulating inner lining
7.7.2.4 Insulating pipes
7.7.2.4.1 General
7.7.2.4.2 Insulating pipes above ground
7.7.2.4.3 Buried insulating pipes
7.7.3 Hoses and hose assemblies
7.7.3.1 General
7.7.3.2 Design aims for electrostatic safety of hoses
7.7.3.3 Application of design principles for avoidance of ignition in flammable atmospheres having MIE < 0,20 mJ
7.7.3.3.1 End-to-end electrical bonding (continuity)
7.7.3.3.2 Elimination of electrically isolated conductive elements
7.7.3.3.3 Avoidance of incendive brush discharges from insulating surfaces
7.7.3.3.4 Avoidance of propagating brush discharges
7.7.3.3.5 Avoiding discharges from isolated masses of conductive liquid
7.7.3.4 Practical hose classifications
7.7.3.5 Properties and usage of ISO 8031 hose assembly grades
7.8 Special filling procedures
7.8.1 Aircraft fuelling
7.8.1.1 General
7.8.1.2 Hose assemblies
7.8.1.3 Earthing and bonding
7.8.1.3.1 General
7.8.1.3.2 Flow velocities
7.8.2 Road tanker deliveries
7.8.3 Retail filling stations
7.8.3.1 General
7.8.3.2 Delivering fuel to underground tanks
7.8.3.2.1 Systems with metal pipes
7.8.3.2.2 Systems with plastic pipes
7.8.3.3 Dispensing fuel to customer vehicles
7.8.4 Mobile or temporary liquid handling equipment
7.9 Plant processes (blending, stirring, mixing, crystallization and stirred reactors)
7.9.1 General
7.9.2 Earthing
7.9.3 In-line blending
7.9.4 Blending in vessels or tanks
7.9.5 Jet mixing
7.9.6 High speed mixing
7.10 Spraying liquids and tank cleaning
7.10.1 General
7.10.2 Tank cleaning with low or medium pressure water jets (up to about 12 bar)
7.10.3 Tank cleaning with low conductivity liquids
7.10.4 Tank cleaning with high pressure water or solvent jets (above 12 bar)
7.10.5 Steam cleaning tanks
7.10.6 Water deluge systems
7.11 Glass systems
7.11.1 General
7.11.2 Precautions to be taken for low conductivity liquids
8 Static electricity in gases
8.1 General
8.2 Grit blasting
8.3 Fire extinguishers
8.4 Inerting
8.5 Steam cleaning
8.6 Accidental leakage of compressed gas
8.7 Spraying of flammable paints and powders
8.7.1 General
8.7.2 Earthing
8.7.3 Plastic spray cabinets
8.8 Vacuum cleaners, fixed and mobile
8.8.1 General
8.8.2 Fixed systems
8.8.3 Portable systems
8.8.4 Vacuum trucks
9 Static electricity in powders
9.1 General
9.2 Discharges, occurrence and incendivity
9.3 Procedural measures
9.3.1 General
9.3.2 Humidification
9.3.3 Hoses for pneumatic transfer
9.3.4 Ionization
9.4 Bulk materials in the absence of flammable gases and vapours
9.4.1 General
9.4.2 Equipment and objects made of conductive or dissipative materials
9.4.3 Equipment and objects made of insulating materials
9.4.4 Dust separators
9.4.5 Silos and Containers
9.4.5.1 General
9.4.5.2 Documentation of provable safe process experiences
9.4.5.3 Conductive and dissipative containers with conductive or dissipative liners
9.4.5.4 Conductive and dissipative containers with insulating liners
9.4.5.5 Insulating containers
9.4.5.6 Insulating containers with liners
9.5 Additional requirements for bulk material in the presence of flammable gases and vapours
9.5.1 General
9.5.2 Measures for resistivity greater equal 100 MΩ m
9.5.3 Measures for resistivity less than 100 MΩ m
9.5.4 Filling of bulk material into a container
9.6 Flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBC)
9.6.1 General
9.6.2 Additional precautions when using FIBC
10 Static electricity when handling explosives and electro-explosive devices
10.1 Explosives manufacture, handling and storage
10.1.1 General
10.1.2 First degree protection
10.1.3 Intermediate protection
10.1.4 Second degree protection
10.2 Handling of electro-explosive devices
10.2.1 General
10.2.2 Earthing
10.2.3 Precautions during storage and issue
10.2.4 Precautions during preparation for use
11 Static electricity on people
11.1 General considerations
11.2 Static dissipative floors
11.3 Dissipative and conductive footwear
11.4 Supplementary devices for earthing of people
11.5 Clothing
11.6 Gloves
11.7 Other Items
12 Electrostatic shock
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Discharges relevant to electrostatic shocks
12.3 Sources of electrostatic shock
12.4 Precautions to avoid electrostatic shocks
12.4.1 Sources of electrostatic shocks
12.4.2 Reported shocks from equipment or processes
12.4.3 Shocks as a result of people being charged
12.5 Precautions in special cases
12.5.1 Pneumatic conveying
12.5.2 Vacuum cleaners
12.5.3 Reels of charged film or sheet
12.5.4 Fire extinguishers
13 Earthing and bonding
13.1 General
13.2 Criteria for the dissipation of static electricity from a conductor
13.2.1 Basic considerations
13.2.2 Practical criteria
13.3 Earthing requirements in practical systems
13.3.1 All-metal systems
13.3.1.1 General
13.3.1.2 Main structures
13.3.1.3 Pipelines
13.3.1.4 Movable metal items
13.3.2 Metal plant with insulating parts
13.3.3 Insulating materials
13.3.4 Conductive and dissipative materials
13.3.5 Earthing via intrinsic safety circuits
13.3.6 Earthing of ships
13.4 The establishment and monitoring of earthing systems
13.4.1 Design
13.4.2 Monitoring
14 Special requirements for equipment according to IEC 60079‑0
14.1 General
14.2 Electrostatic charges on external non-metallic materials
14.2.1 Applicability
14.2.2 Avoidance of a build-up of electrostatic charge on Group I or Group II electrical equipment
14.2.3 Avoidance of a build-up of electrostatic charge on equipment for Group III
14.3 Electrostatic charges on external conductive parts
Annex A
A.1 Electrostatic charging
A.1.1 Introduction
A.1.2 Contact charging
A.1.3 Contact charging of liquids
A.1.4 Charge generation on liquids flowing in pipes
A.1.4.1 Pipes of fixed diameter
A.1.4.2 Pipe with multiple sections of different diameter
A.1.4.3 Branched pipeline with multiple sections of different diameter
A.1.5 Charge generation in filters
A.1.6 Charge generation during stirring and mixing of liquids
A.1.7 Settling potentials
A.1.8 Breakup of liquid jets
A.1.9 Contact charging of powders
A.1.10 Charging by induction
A.1.11 Charge transfer by conduction
A.1.12 Charging by corona discharge
A.2 Accumulation of electrostatic charge
A.2.1 General
A.2.2 Charge accumulation on liquids
A.2.3 Charge accumulation on powders
A.3 Electrostatic discharges
A.3.1 Introduction
A.3.2 Sparks
A.3.3 Corona
A.3.4 Brush discharges
A.3.5 Propagating brush discharges
A.3.6 Lightning like discharges
A.3.7 Cone discharges
A.4 Measurements for risk assessment
Annex B
B.1 Incendive discharges involving insulating solid materials
B.1.1 General
B.1.2 Sparks from isolated conductors
B.1.3 Brush discharges from insulating solid materials
B.1.4 Propagating brush discharges from insulating solid materials
B.2 Incendive discharges produced during liquid handling
B.2.1 General
B.2.2 Calculated maximum safe flow velocities for filling medium-sized vertical axis storage tanks
B.3 Incendive discharges produced during powder handling and storage
B.3.1 General
B.3.2 Discharges from bulk powder
B.3.3 Discharges from powder clouds
B.3.4 Discharges involving insulating containers and people
B.3.5 The use of liners in powder processes
B.3.6 Spark discharges in powder processes
B.3.7 Brush discharges in powder processes
B.3.8 Corona discharges in powder processes
B.3.9 Propagating brush discharges in powder processes
Annex C
C.1 General
C.2 Effect of oxygen concentration and ambient conditions
C.3 Explosive limits for gases and liquids
C.4 Inerting
C.5 Flash point
C.6 Minimum ignition energies
C.7 Combustible powders
C.8 Biofuels
Annex D
D.1 Concept of zoning
D.2 Classification
D.3 Explosion groups
D.3.1 General
D.3.2 Group I
D.3.3 Group II
D.3.4 Group III
Annex E
Annex F
Annex G
G.1 General
G.2 Surface resistance
G.2.1 General
G.2.2 Principle
G.2.3 Apparatus
G.2.4 Test sample
G.2.5 Procedure
G.2.6 Acceptance criteria
G.2.7 Test report
G.3 Surface resistivity
G.4 Leakage resistance
G.4.1 General
G.4.2 Principle
G.4.3 Apparatus
G.4.4 Test sample
G.4.5 Procedure
G.4.6 Acceptance criteria
G.4.7 Test report
G.5 In-use testing of footwear
G.5.1 General
G.5.2 Principle
G.5.3 Apparatus
G.5.4 Procedure
G.5.5 Acceptance criteria
G.5.6 Test report
G.6 In-use testing of gloves
G.6.1 General
G.6.2 Principle
G.6.3 Apparatus
G.6.4 Procedure
G.6.5 Acceptance criteria
G.6.6 Test report
G.7 Powder resistivity
G.7.1 General
G.7.2 Principle
G.7.3 Apparatus
G.7.4 Procedure
G.7.5 Acceptance criteria
G.7.6 Test report
G.8 Liquid conductivity
G.8.1 General
G.8.2 Principle
G.8.3 Apparatus
G.8.4 Procedure
G.8.5 Acceptance criteria
G.8.6 Test report
G.9 Capacitance
G.9.1 General
G.9.2 Principle
G.9.3 Apparatus
G.9.4 Test sample
G.9.5 Procedure for moveable items
G.9.6 Procedure for installed items
G.9.7 Acceptance criteria
G.9.8 Test report
G.10 Transferred charge
G.10.1 General
G.10.2 Principle
G.10.3 Apparatus
G.10.4 Test sample
G.10.5 Procedure
G.10.6 Acceptance criteria
G.10.7 Test report
G.11 Ignition test
G.11.1 General
G.11.2 Apparatus
G.11.3 Procedure
G.11.4 Acceptance criteria
G.11.5 Test report
G.12 Measuring of charge decay
G.12.1 General
G.12.2 Principle
G.12.3 Apparatus
G.12.4 Test sample
G.12.5 Procedure
G.12.6 Acceptance criteria
G.12.7 Test report
G.13 Breakthrough voltage
G.13.1 General
G.13.2 Principle
G.13.3 Apparatus
G.13.4 Test procedure
G.13.5 Acceptance criteria
G.13.6 Test report
Bibliography
Appendix ZA
ZA.1 Introduction
ZA.1.1 General
ZA.1.2 Electrostatic generation
ZA.2 Minimizing electrostatic generation
ZA.3 Minimizing electrostatic accumulation
ZA.4 Management of flammable atmospheres
Appendix ZB
ZB.1 Introduction
ZB.2 Minimizing electrostatic charge accumulation and management of flammable atmospheres
Appendix ZC
ZC.1 Introduction
ZC.2 Electrostatic generation
ZC.2.1 Flexible web processes
ZC.2.2 Extrusion processes
ZC.2.3 Moulding processes
ZC.3 Minimizing electrostatic generation and accumulation
ZC.4 Solution casting of film
ZC.4.1 General
ZC.4.2 Minimizing electrostatic accumulation during film casting
ZC.4.3 Dissolving film waste (spoil)
ZC.4.4 Management of flammable atmospheres
Appendix ZD
ZD.1 Introduction
ZD.2 Control of electrostatic charges
ZD.2.1 Earthing and bonding
ZD.2.2 Solvent conductivity
ZD.2.3 Humidification
ZD.2.4 Persons
Appendix ZE
Cited references in this standard
Content history
DR SA TS 60079.32.1:2022