Handbook
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SA HB 84:2018
[Current]Guide to concrete repair and protection
Provides guidelines on inspection techniques, protective and remedial systems and repair practice for concrete in structures. Also provides an overview of causes of concrete deterioration and the types and formation of cracks in concrete. The document is intended for widespread use by anyone engaged in the maintenance, repair and production of concrete structures. This Handbook is intended as an overview of typical methods and practices in the industry. It should not be used as a standard or as part of any contract relating to the repair of concrete. It is intended that this Handbook can be read and understood by a diverse range of persons, from professionals engaged in specifying or carrying out concrete structure repairs to those involved in the management of buildings and structures.
Published: 06/06/2018
Pages: 104
Table of contents
Cited references
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Table of contents
Header
About this publication
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 CONCRETE PROPERTIES
1.1 CONCRETE
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Benefits and limitations
1.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Concrete quality
1.2.3 Porosity
1.2.4 Curing
1.2.5 Durability
1.2.6 Concrete properties and rebar corrosion
1.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1.4 REFERENCES
1.4.1 Referenced documents
1.4.2 Further reading
CHAPTER 2 CAUSES OF CONCRETE DETERIORATION
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 INTERNAL FACTORS
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Alkali-silica (alkali-aggregate) reaction
2.2.3 Alkali-carbonate (alkali-aggregate) reaction
2.2.4 Delayed ettringite formation
2.3 EXTERNAL FACTORS
2.3.1 Environmental deterioration
2.3.2 Sulfate attack
2.3.3 Carbonation
2.3.4 Effect of chlorides
2.4 STEEL REINFORCEMENT CORROSION
2.5 SUMMARY
2.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2.7 REFERENCES
2.7.1 Referenced documents
2.7.2 Further reading
CHAPTER 3 FORMATION AND TYPES OF CRACKS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 CRACKING OF PLASTIC CONCRETE
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Plastic shrinkage cracks
3.2.3 Plastic settlement cracks
3.3 CRACKING OF HARDENED CONCRETE
3.4 OTHER TYPES OF CRACKS
3.5 IMPACT OF CRACKS ON STEEL REINFORCEMENT CORROSION
3.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
3.7 FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 4 INSPECTION TECHNIQUES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 CONDITION ASSESSMENT
4.3 VISUAL INSPECTION
4.4 CONCRETE SAMPLING
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Fragment samples
4.4.3 Core samples
4.4.4 Dust samples
4.5 IN SITU DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
4.5.1 Delamination/drummy surveys
4.5.2 Rebound hammer
4.5.3 Crack width measurements
4.5.4 Reinforcement depth/location
4.5.5 Depth of carbonation
4.5.6 Half-cell potential mapping
4.5.7 Concrete resistivity
4.5.8 Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements
4.5.9 Pull-out test
4.5.10 Corrosion rate measurement
4.5.11 Ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
4.5.12 Gamma radiography
4.5.13 Infrared thermography
4.6 LABORATORY TESTING
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Petrographic tests
4.6.3 Chloride profiles
4.7 STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
4.8 SUMMARY
4.9 FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 5 PROTECTIVE AND REMEDIAL SYSTEMS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1504-9 PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE PROTECTION AND REPAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
5.3 CRACK REPAIR AND JOINT SEALANTS (EN 1504-9, PRINCIPLE 1)
5.4 PROTECTIVE COATINGS (EN 1504-9, PRINCIPLES 1, 2, 5, 6 AND 8)
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Film forming coatings
5.4.2.1 Finishing and protective coatings
5.4.2.2 Anti-carbonation coatings
5.4.3 Render
5.5 MOISTURE CONTROL (EN 1504-9, PRINCIPLES 2 AND 8)
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Surface sealers
5.5.3 Polymer impregnation
5.5.4 Hydrophobic impregnation
5.5.5 Hydrophilic crystalline materials
5.6 PATCH REPAIR SYSTEMS (EN 1504-9, PRINCIPLES 3 AND 7)
5.6.1 Introduction
5.6.2 Materials for patch repair
5.6.3 Polymer-modified cementitious repair mortars
5.6.4 Ready-mixed or ordinary concrete for patch repairs
5.6.5 Epoxy-based repair mortars
5.7 COATING ON STEEL REINFORCEMENT (EN 1504-9, PRINCIPLE 11)
5.8 CORROSION INHIBITORS
5.9 CATHODIC PROTECTION (EN 1504-9, PRINCIPLE 10)
5.9.1 Introduction
5.9.2 Impressed current anode systems
5.9.3 Galvanic anode systems
5.9.4 Cathodic prevention
5.10 CORROSION CONTROL METHODS
5.10.1 Introduction
5.10.2 Galvanic systems
5.10.3 Hybrid system
5.10.4 Realkalization (EN 1504-9, Principle 7)
5.10.5 Chloride extraction (EN 1504-9, Principle 7)
5.11 STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING (EN 1504-9, PRINCIPLE 4)
5.12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
5.13 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
5.13.1 References
5.13.2 Further reading
CHAPTER 6 REPAIR PRACTICES
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 CRACK REPAIR
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Crack filling
6.2.3 Crack sealing
6.2.4 Other processes
6.3 PROTECTIVE COATINGS
6.4 CONCRETE PATCH REPAIR PRACTICE
6.4.1 Concrete removal
6.4.2 Surface preparation—Concrete
6.4.3 Surface preparation—Reinforcement
6.5 INSTALLATION OF GALVANIC ANODES
6.6 COATING OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
6.7 REPAIR REINSTATEMENT PROCEDURES
6.7.1 Introduction
6.7.2 Pre-wetting the substrate
6.7.3 Temperature conditions
6.7.4 Patching procedure
6.7.5 Finishing
6.7.6 Curing
6.8 ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS
6.8.1 Application of a cathodic prevention system
6.8.2 Application of a cathodic protection system
6.8.3 Application of an electrochemical re-alkalization system
6.8.4 Application of an electrochemical chloride extraction system
6.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE
6.9.1 Introduction
6.9.2 Example of QA in concrete patch repair
6.9.3 Example of QA in a post-repair defect situation
6.9.4 Conclusion
6.10 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
6.11 FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 7 CASE STUDIES
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 CASE STUDY 1: HIGH-RISE BUILDING
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Investigation
7.2.3 Specification for repair
7.2.4 The repair
7.3 CASE STUDY 2: MARINE STRUCTURE
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Investigation
7.3.3 Specification for repair
7.3.4 The repair
7.4 CASE STUDY 3: HIGHWAY BRIDGE
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Investigation
7.4.3 Specification for repair
7.4.4 The repair
7.5 CASE STUDY 4: COMMERCIAL COMPLEX
7.5.1 Introduction
7.5.2 Investigation
7.5.3 Specification for repair
7.5.4 The repair
7.6 CASE STUDY 5: APARTMENT BUILDING
7.7 CASE STUDY 6: RETAINING WALL
7.7.1 Introduction
7.7.2 History
7.7.3 Inspection
7.7.4 Remedial options
7.7.5 The trials
7.7.6 Summary
APPENDIX A
A1 INTRODUCTION
A2 PROTECTIVE COATINGS AND MOISTURE BARRIER SYSTEMS
A3 PATCH REPAIR
A4 RESTORING PASSIVITY IN UNDAMAGED AREAS
A5 COATING OF REINFORCEMENT
APPENDIX B
B1 INTRODUCTION
B2 PROTECTIVE COATINGS AND MOISTURE BARRIER SYSTEMS
B3 PATCH REPAIR
B4 RE-ALKALIZATION AND CHLORIDE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
B5 CATHODIC PROTECTION
B6 COATING OF REINFORCEMENT
APPENDIX C
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