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AS/NZS 2772.2:2016
[Current]Radiofrequency fields, Part 2: Principles and methods of measurement and computation — 3 kHz to 300 GHz
This Standard specifies requirements for, and provides guidance on, assessing compliance with the exposure limits of radiofrequency (RF) safety standards such as ARPANSA Standard RPS3 or New Zealand Standard NZS2772.1. This includes methodologies for making an assessment (by measurement or computation) of human exposure to ambient RF fields and induced body currents in the frequency range of 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
Published: 24/06/2016
Pages: 132
Table of contents
Cited references
Content history
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
Preface
Foreword
1 Scope and general
1.1 Scope
1.2 Referenced documents
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Acronyms and symbols
2 Summary of provisions
3 General assessment processes
3.1 General
3.2 Assessor competency
3.3 Assessment process overview
3.4 Definition of assessment task
3.5 Determination of source and physical environmental characteristics
3.6 Determination of applicable exposure limits
3.7 Preliminary assessment
3.7.1 General
3.7.2 Safety requirements
3.7.3 RF exposure evaluation not required
3.8 Choice of assessment method (measurement or computation)
3.9 Assessment by measurement
3.9.1 General
3.9.2 Choice of measurement technique
3.9.3 Measurement procedures
3.9.4 Post-processing and finalizing results
3.10 Assessment by computation
3.10.1 General
3.10.2 Finalizing computation results
3.11 Reporting of results
4 Post-processing
4.1 General
4.2 Spatial averaging for demonstrating compliance
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Other spatial averaging schemes
4.3 Simultaneous exposure to multiple frequency fields
4.4 Extrapolation
5 Calibration and validation
5.1 General
5.2 Radiofrequency test instrument calibration requirements
5.3 Calibration laboratory requirements
5.4 Recommended intervals of calibration
5.5 Periodic checking of instrumentation
5.6 Validation of computational tools
5.7 Checking and reverification of computational tools
6 Uncertainty estimation
6.1 Requirement for uncertainty analysis
6.2 Reporting of assessment results and uncertainty analyses
6.3 The role of uncertainty in compliance assessments
Appendix A
A1 General
A2 Personal monitors
A3 E, H and S broadband measurement instrumentation
A3.1 Instrumentation for external field measurements
A3.2 Field strength power density meters
A3.3 Instrument types for external field measurements
A3.4 Diode rectifier
A3.5 Thermocouple devices
A3.6 Continuous film type devices
A3.7 Active antenna
A3.8 Displacement current sensors
A3.9 Electro-optical (photonic) sensors
A3.10 Combined electric and magnetic field probes
A3.11 Shaped-frequency response
A4 E, H and S frequency selective measurement instrumentation
A4.1 Receivers and spectrum analysers
A4.2 Spectrum analysers
A4.3 Portable spectrum analyser with broadband probe
A4.4 Tuneable field strength meters
A4.5 Calibrated antennas
A4.6 Coaxial cables
A5 Current measurement instrumentation
A6 Desirable instrumentation performance characteristics
A6.1 General
A6.2 Effects of temperature
A6.3 Power supply
A6.4 Polarization factor
A6.5 Display units
A6.6 Dynamic range and frequency range
A6.7 Coupling and response to other radiations
A6.8 Shielding
A6.9 Out-of-band response
A6.10 Modulation
A6.11 Static electricity
A6.12 Response time
A6.13 Stability
A6.14 Other features
Appendix B
Appendix C
C1 General
C2 Safety considerations
C3 Survey precautions
C4 Leakage survey precautions
C5 General measurement considerations
C6 Frequency-selective method
C7 Broadband method
C8 Factors influencing measurement accuracy
C9 General measurement procedures
C9.1 General
C9.2 General measurement approach
C9.3 Near-field measurement
C9.4 Leakage radiation
C10 Additional considerations for frequency-selective measurement
C10.1 General
C10.2 Frequency-selective system overview
C11 Spectrum analyser considerations
C12 Antennas and cables
C13 Current measurements
C13.1 General
C13.2 Induced and contact current limits
C13.3 Limb current measurements
C13.4 Contact current measurements
C14 Touch and limb current measurements
C14.1 General
C14.2 Freestanding measurements
C14.3 Measurements while making contact with RF energized conductors
Appendix D
D1 General approach
D1A General
D1.1 Uncertainty in RF assessments
D1.2 Uncertainty and compliance assessment
D1.3 General approach for estimating uncertainty
D1.4 JCGM 100 uncertainty framework—Classic approach
D1.5 Monte Carlo Method
D2 Example input quantities for E and H field measurements
D2.1 General
D2.2 Calibration uncertainty of measurement equipment
D2.2.1 Broadband instruments
D2.2.2 Frequency-selective instruments
D2.3 Frequency response of the field probe
D2.3.1 Broadband instruments
D2.3.1.1 General
D2.3.1.2 Case 1: The measured frequency does not coincide with any of the calibration frequencies provided in the calibration report
D2.3.1.3 Case 2: The measurements entail a broadband measurement of multiple frequencies
D2.3.1.4 Case 3: The calibration factor(s) for E or H at the measured frequency or frequency range is within 10% of 1 (i.e. 0.9 to 1.1)
D2.3.2 Frequency-selective instruments
D2.4 Isotropicity variation of the field probe
D2.5 Temperature and humidity response of the instrument
D2.6 Linearity deviation of the field probe
D2.7 Mismatch uncertainty
D2.8 Mental averaging of meter fluctuations for modulated sources
D2.9 Uncertainty due to power variation in the RF source
D2.10 Uncertainty due to variation in the location of the field probe
D2.11 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the measurer
D2.12 Uncertainty due to variable field scattering from a changing environment
D2.13 Uncertainty due to non-sinusoidal signals
D3 Example input quantities for E and H field calculations
D3.1 General
D3.2 Accuracy of the modelling technique
D3.2.1 General
D3.2.2 Full wave modelling techniques
D3.2.3 Far-field calculations based on the free space transmission equation
D3.2.4 RF emissions from a synthetic aperture
D3.3 Radiated power of the antenna
D3.4 Gain of the antenna
D3.5 Scattering effects from nearby objects and the ground
D4 Uncertainty of summed assessments
D4.1 Background
D4.2 Summation methods
D4.2.1 General
D4.2.2 Simple conservative method
D4.2.3 Approximate analytical method
D4.2.4 Monte Carlo Analysis
D4.2.5 Examples
D5 Example uncertainty assessment sheets
D6 Reference documents
Appendix E
E1 Introduction
E2 Applicability and overview
E2.1 Applicability
E2.2 Overview of evaluation methods and formulae
E3 Calculation methods
E3.1 Basic formulas
E3.2 Estimating far-fields
E3.3 Estimating radiating near-fields
E3.3.1 General
E3.3.2 Circular apertures
E3.3.2.1 General
E3.3.2.2 Estimating antenna illumination—Circular apertures
E3.3.3 Rectangular apertures
E3.3.3.1 General
E3.3.3.2 Estimating antenna illumination—Rectangular apertures
E3.4 Scanning correction
E3.4.1 General
E3.4.2 Far-field region
E3.4.3 Near-field region
E4 Numerical analysis of field values and SAR using full wave techniques
E4.1 Fields
E4.2 SAR
E5 Validation
E5.1 General
E5.2 Internal checks
E5.3 External checks
E6 Uncertainty
E6.1 General
E6.2 Ray tracing
E6.3 Full wave modelling
E7 Reference documents
E8 Other reference documents
Appendix F
F1 General
F2 Spurious responses
F3 Lead pick-up
F4 Thermoelectric lead effect
F5 Perturbation
F6 Electrostatic pick-up
F7 Coupling into probes
F8 Static charge fields
F9 Out-of-band responses
F10 Pulse repetition and sampling meters
F11 Instrumentation usage considerations
Appendix G
G1 General
G2 Precautions in the survey process
G3 Radiation systems survey precautions
G4 Leakage survey precautions
G5 Hazards not directly associated with the survey
Appendix H
Appendix I
I1 General
I2 Assessment overview
I2.1 Site operator information
I2.2 Site environment
I2.3 Exposure safety limits
I3 Assessment plan
I3.1 Pre-assessment review
I3.1.1 Determine assessment purpose
I3.1.2 Determine Equipment Under Test (EUT) category
I3.1.3 Determine physical parameters
I3.1.4 Decide if ambient fields are to be considered
I3.2 Select assessment method
I3.3 Complete the assessment plan
I3.4 General methodology—Field evaluation spatially averaged
I4 Results
I4.1 Results summary—Desktop computer modelling
I4.2 Measurement results summary
I4.3 Interpretation of results
I5 Assessment report—uncertainty analysis spatially averaged field strength measurement
I6 Sample measurement scans
I7 Conclusions
Appendix J
J1 Introduction
J2 Equipment description
J3 Measurement equipment and method
J3.1 Measurement equipment
J3.2 Measurement method
J3.3 Measurement results
J4 Discussion
J5 Uncertainty analysis
Appendix K
K1 Introduction
K2 AMI meter overview—meter network technologies
K3 Configurations of properties surveyed
K4 Measurement uncertainty
K5 Test methodology
K6 EMF measurement results—Single meter installation
K7 Concluding remarks—Summary of test results
K8 Discussions
K9 Test photographs
Appendix L
L1 Introduction
L2 SAR measurement overview
L2.1 General
L2.2 Applicability of SAR measurement procedures
L2.3 Overview of SAR measurements
L2.4 SAR measurement requirements
L2.5 SAR measurement description
L2.6 SAR measurement uncertainty
L3 SAR computation
L4 SAR computation uncertainty
L5 The role of uncertainty in compliance assessments
L6 Reporting of results
Amendment control sheet
Cited references in this standard
[Current]
Assessment of the compliance of low-power electronic and electrical equipment with the basic restrictions related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields (10 MHz to 300 GHz)
IEEE C95.3
IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurements and Computations of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields With Respect to Human Exposure to Such Fields, 100 kHz–300 GHz
IEEE C95.1
IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz
ARPANSA RPS3
Radiation Protection Standard for Maximum Exposure Levels to Radiofrequency Fields—3 kHz to 300 GHz
JCGM 101
Evaluation of measurement data—Supplement 1 to the “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement”—Propagation of distributions using a Monte Carlo method
Content history
[Current]
[Superseded]
DR AS/NZS 2772.2:2015
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