Standard
UPDATE AVAILABLE
AS/NZS 1020:1995
[Superseded]The control of undesirable static electricity
Provides recommendations relating to safe control of electrostatic charges generated incidentally by processes or activities. Its purpose is to assist in reducing fire, explosion and nuisance aspects associated with static electricity. It outlines conditions under which the presence of static causes a hazard and recommends methods for its safe dissipation or mitigation. Appendices provide information about the hazards caused by static electricity in the vicinity of flammable mixtures, on minimum ignition energies for a range of chemicals and give examples of solving problems resulting from static electricity.
Published: 05/03/1995
Pages: 74
Table of contents
Cited references
Content history
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
PREFACE
1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 PURPOSE
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
1.3.1 Standards
1.3.2 Other publications
1.4 DEFINITIONS
2 GENERATION, INDUCTION AND DANGERS—BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
2.1 GENERATION OF STATIC
2.2 INDUCTION OF STATIC
2.3 COMMON SOURCES OF GENERATION
2.4 FIRE AND EXPLOSION DANGERS
2.5 REMOVAL OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION DANGERS
2.6 WORKING SURFACES AND FLOOR SURFACE COVERINGS
3 STATIC DISCHARGES
3.1 NATURE OF STATIC DISCHARGES
3.2 ENERGY OF A STATIC DISCHARGE
4 SOLID OBJECTS
4.1 SELECTION OF AN APPROPRIATE CONTROL METHOD
4.2 CONDUCTING OBJECTS
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Earthing
4.2.3 Bonding
4.2.4 Earthing and bonding conductors
4.2.5 Mobile apparatus
4.2.6 Rotating shafts
4.3 NON-CONDUCTING OBJECTS
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Increasing the conductivity of non-conducting objects
4.3.2.1 Surface conductivity
4.3.2.2 Volume conductivity
4.3.3 Increasing the humidity of the air
4.3.4 Ionization of the air
4.3.4.1 Increasing air conductivity
4.3.4.2 Radioactive ionizers
4.3.4.3 Earthed sharp-pointed combs (static combs)
4.3.4.4 High-potential sharp-pointed combs (electrical neutralizers)
5 PERSONS
5.1 GENERAL
5.2 WEARING APPAREL (OTHER THAN FOOTWEAR)
5.3 EARTHING OF PERSONS BY FOOTWEAR
5.4 OTHER MEANS OF EARTHING PERSONS
6 LIQUIDS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.1.1 Generation of static
6.1.2 Fire and explosion dangers
6.1.3 Factors affecting static generation
6.1.3.1 Conductivity
6.1.3.2 Contaminants and inclusions (See also Clause 6.8.)
6.1.3.3 Transfer rate and type of flow
6.1.4 Tendency of particular liquids to generate static
6.2 SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF AN APPROPRIATE CONTROL METHOD
6.3 DISSIPATING CHARGE FROM INSTALLATIONS
6.4 DISSIPATING CHARGE FROM LIQUIDS
6.4.1 Conducting liquids
6.4.2 Non-conducting liquids
6.5 CONDUCTIVITY IMPROVERS (ANTISTATIC ADDITIVES)
6.6 REDUCING THE LIKELIHOOD OF STATIC DISCHARGES ABOVE A LIQUID SURFACE
6.7 AVOIDANCE OF TURBULENCE
6.8 AVOIDANCE OF CONTAMINANTS
6.9 AVOIDANCE OF HIGH FLOW VELOCITIES
6.9.1 General
6.9.2 Hydrocarbons
6.9.3 Liquids other than hydrocarbons
6.10 USE OF RELAXATION SECTIONS
6.11 STATIC CHARGE REDUCERS
6.12 METALLIC PIPING
6.13 HOSES AND COUPLINGS
6.14 FILLING OF VESSELS
6.15 NON-CONDUCTING VESSELS
6.15.1 General
6.15.2 Lined vessels
6.15.3 Road tankers
6.16 TRANSFER OF SMALL QUANTITIES (less than 25 L)
6.17 BLENDING AND MIXING
6.18 SAMPLING FROM HIGH PRESSURE SOURCES
6.19 PNEUMATIC TRANSFER OF LIQUIDS
6.20 SPRAYING
6.21 SWITCH LOADING
7 GASES
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 MINIMIZING STATIC GENERATION
7.3 PREVENTION OF STATIC ACCUMULATION
7.4 REMOVAL OF IGNITABLE MATERIALS AND MIXTURES
8 DUSTS
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.1.1 General
8.1.2 Generation of static
8.1.3 Factors influencing static generation and accumulation
8.2 MINIMIZING STATIC GENERATION
8.3 DISSIPATING CHARGE FROM EQUIPMENT
8.3.1 Outlet nozzles
8.3.2 Objects in dust streams
8.3.3 Sampling
8.3.4 Bags and containers for collecting and transporting dust
9 POWDERED OR GRANULAR SOLIDS
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 HANDLING
9.3 CONTROL OF STATIC
10 DRIVE AND CONVEYOR BELTS
10.1 GENERATION OF STATIC
10.2 CONTROL OF STATIC
10.2.1 Replacement of drive
10.2.2 Belts
10.2.2.1 Belt requirements
10.2.2.2 Use of surface coatings
10.2.2.3 Increasing the relative humidity of the air
10.2.2.4 Ionization of the air
10.2.3 Pulleys, idler rollers and shafting
10.2.4 Safety guards
10.2.5 Materials discharged from conveyors
11 EXPLOSIVES
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 ASSESSING THE HAZARD
11.3 MINIMIZING THE HAZARD
11.3.1 Materials of construction
11.3.2 The application of suitable surface coating
11.3.3 Radioactive ionizers
11.3.4 Relative humidity
11.3.5 Bonding and earthing
11.3.6 Plant arrangement
11.3.7 Clothing and footwear
11.3.8 Drive belts and conveyor belts
12 PRINTING PROCESSES
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.1.1 General
12.1.2 Generation of static
12.1.3 Factors influencing static generation
12.1.3.1 Paper (paper printing only)
12.1.3.2 Contact pressure
12.1.3.3 Ink
12.1.3.4 Running speed
12.1.3.5 Running track and guiding element surfaces
12.1.3.6 Relative humidity
12.1.3.7 Machine characteristics
12.2 MINIMIZING STATIC GENERATION
12.3 PREVENTION OF STATIC ACCUMULATION
12.4 REMOVAL OF IGNITABLE MIXTURES
13 COATING, SPREADING AND IMPREGNATING
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 CONTROL OF STATIC AND REMOVAL OF IGNITABLE MIXTURES
14 PROCESSING AND CONVERSION OF PLASTICS AND RUBBER MATERIALS
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 GENERATION OF STATIC
14.2.1 Flexible web processes
14.2.2 Extrusion processes
14.2.3 Moulding processes
14.3 CONTROL OF STATIC
14.4 SOLUTION CASTING OF FILM
14.4.1 General
14.4.2 Prevention of static accumulation during film casting
14.4.3 Dissolving film waste (Spoil)
14.4.4 Removal of flammable mixtures
14.5 END-USE APPLICATIONS
15 DRYCLEANING
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 CONTROL OF STATIC
15.2.1 Earthing and bonding
15.2.2 Solvent conductivity
15.2.3 Humidification
15.2.4 Persons
16 SUNDRY PROCESSES INVOLVING FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
16.1 LOADING AND UNLOADING ROAD TANKERS
16.2 RAIL TANK WAGONS
16.3 FUELLING AND DEFUELLING AIRCRAFT
16.4 LOADING AND UNLOADING TANKERS AND BARGES
16.5 FUELLING MOTOR VEHICLES
16.6 TRANSFER OF ETHER AND CARBON DISULPHIDE
17 SUNDRY PROCESSES INVOLVING PRESSURIZED GAS
17.1 DISCHARGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE
17.2 MIXTURES OF HYDROGEN OR ACETYLENE WITH AIR
17.3 TRANSFER OF LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
17.4 STEAM JETS
17.5 SPRAY PAINTING
18 HANDLING OF ELECTROSTATIC SENSITIVE DEVICES
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 BASIC PROTECTION PRINCIPLES
18.3 LABELLING
18.4 TYPES OF PACKAGES AVAILABLE
18.4.1 Polymer bags with thin metal coating
18.4.2 Coloured polymer bags
18.4.3 Polymer bags with high carbon content
19 DETECTION OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL OR ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH
19.1 GENERAL
19.2 NEON LAMPS
19.3 ELECTROSCOPES
19.4 OTHER METHODS
20 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL OR ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH
20.1 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL WITH CONTACTING INSTRUMENTS
20.1.1 Electrostatic voltmeters
20.1.2 Electronic voltmeters
20.2 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH WITH NON-CONTACTING INSTRUMENTS
20.2.1 General
20.2.2 Electrometers
20.2.3 Induction electric field strength meters
20.2.3.1 Vibrating-capacitor electric field strength meters
20.2.3.2 Rotating-capacitor electric field strength meter (field mill)
20.2.4 Radioactive ionization field strength meters
20.3 CALIBRATION OF NON-CONTACTING ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS
20.4 MEASUREMENTS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
20.4.1 General
20.4.2 Using an electrostatic or electronic voltmeter
20.4.3 Using non-contacting instruments
21 DETERMINATION OF CAPACITANCE
21.1 CALCULATION OF CAPACITANCE
21.2 CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENT
21.2.1 General
21.2.2 Elimination of errors due to earthing the Cx terminal
21.2.3 Elimination of error due to lead capacitance
22 MEASUREMENT OF CHARGES
22.1 MEASUREMENT OF STATIC CHARGE
23 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE OR CONDUCTANCE
23.1 GENERAL
23.2 RESISTANCE OF EARTHING CIRCUITS
23.3 RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS
23.4 PERSONNEL RESISTANCE TESTER
23.5 LIQUID CONDUCTIVITY
APPENDIX A
A1 EXAMPLE WITH DRIVING BELT
A1.1 Problem
A1.2 Solution
A2 EXAMPLE WITH CONDUCTING SHOES
A2.1 Problem
A2.2 Solution
A3 EXAMPLE WITH STATIC COMB
A3.1 Problem
A3.2 Solution
A4 EXAMPLE WITH INSULATING SHEET CHARGED BY CONTACT AND SEPARATION WITH ANOTHER BODY
A4.1 Problem
A4.2 Solution
A5 EXAMPLES WITH LIQUIDS AND RELAXATION SECTIONS
A5.1 Problem
A5.2 Solution
A5.3 Problem
A5.4 Solution
A6 EXAMPLE WITH FILM CHARGED BY PASSING THROUGH A MACHINE
A6.1 Problem
A6.2 Investigation
A6.3 Calculation
A6.3.1 Consideration of single sheet
A6.3.2 Consideration of stack of sheets
A6.4 Evaluation of results
A6.5 Solution
APPENDIX B
B1 VAPOURS
B1.1 Vapour pressure
B1.2 Flammable limits
B1.3 Mists and foams
B2 REDUCING THE HAZARDS OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
B2.1 General precautions
B2.2 Reducing quantity of flammable liquids
B2.3 Enclosure of flammable mixtures
B2.4 Preventing formation of flammable mixture.
B2.4.1 General
B2.4.2 Elimination of space for flammable mixtures
B2.4.3 Ventilation
B2.4.4 Provision of an inert atmosphere (inerting)
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX E
E1 INTRODUCTION
E2 GENERAL COATING
E3 COATING FOR RUBBER BELTS
Cited references in this standard
BS 3187
Specification for electrically conducting rubber flooring
IEC 417
Graphical symbols for use on equipment, index, survey and completion of the single sheet
BS 2050
Specification for electrical resistance of conducting and antistatic products made from flexible polymeric material
BS 2782.2
Methods of testing plastics, Part 2: Electrical properties: Method 250A—Antistatic behaviour of film. charge decay method
BS 2782.2
Methods of testing plastics, Part 2: Electrical properties: Method 250B—Antistatic behaviour of film. electroscope method
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