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AS 5100.8:2017
[Current]Bridge design, Part 8: Rehabilitation and strengthening of existing bridges
Sets out requirements and procedures for the repair or rehabilitation, extension of remaining service life, strengthening to restore capacity due to structural deterioration, strengthening to increase capacity for live load, and changing the function of and widening of existing bridges.
Published: 31/03/2017
Pages: 130
Table of contents
Cited references
Content history
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
Preface
1 Scope and general
1.1 Scope
1.2 Normative references
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Notation
1.5 Durability considerations
1.6 Service environments for bridge structures
1.7 Matters for resolution before design commences
1.8 Appropriate supervision
2 Design requirements and procedures
2.1 General
2.2 Assessment of existing structural capacity
2.3 Design
2.3.1 General
2.3.2 Bridge specific assessment live loading (BSALL)
3 Concrete structures
3.1 General
3.2 Condition assessment
3.2.1 General
3.2.2 Existing information
3.2.3 Visual inspection
3.2.4 Chloride analysis
3.2.5 Carbonation
3.2.6 Potential mapping
3.2.7 Concrete electrical resistivity
3.2.8 Concrete cover
3.2.9 Delamination
3.2.10 Crack widths
3.2.11 Concrete core samples
3.2.12 Corrosion rate measurement
3.2.13 Alkali aggregate reaction (AAR) assessment
3.2.14 Non-destructive testing
3.2.14.1 General
3.2.14.2 Cover meter
3.2.14.3 Rebound hammer
3.2.14.4 Ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
3.2.14.5 Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)
3.2.14.6 Impact echo
3.2.14.7 Infrared thermography
3.2.14.8 Radiographic methods
3.2.15 Other methods
3.3 Assessment for cathodic protection (CP)
3.4 Assessment of fire-affected concrete
3.4.1 General
3.4.2 Temperature effects and changes in concrete damaged by fire
3.4.3 Visual inspection
3.4.4 Concrete coring
3.4.5 Strength assessment
3.4.6 Petrographic examination
3.4.7 Structural analysis
3.4.8 Hammer testing
3.5 Methods of repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures
3.5.1 General
3.5.2 Repair of cracks
3.5.2.1 General
3.5.2.2 Crack repair methods
3.5.2.2.1 General
3.5.2.2.2 Materials properties
3.5.2.2.3 Surface preparation
3.5.2.2.4 Verification of depth of penetration of crack-filling material
3.5.3 Repair of concrete
3.5.3.1 General
3.5.3.2 Types and selection of patch repair methods
3.5.3.3 Material properties
3.5.3.3.1 General
3.5.3.3.2 Repair material
3.5.3.3.3 Fairing coat
3.5.3.4 Concrete removal
3.5.3.4.1 Corrosion deteriorated concrete repair
3.5.3.4.2 Non-corrosion deteriorated or defective concrete repair
3.5.3.5 Reinforcement preparation and substrate bonding coat
3.5.3.6 Concrete reinstatement
3.5.3.7 Curing and protection
3.5.3.8 Quality control testing
3.5.3.8.1 Compressive strength of cementitious repair material
3.5.3.8.2 Bond strength (pull-off) testing
3.5.3.8.3 Testing for drummy areas
3.5.4 Protective coatings
3.5.4.1 General
3.5.4.2 Surface preparation
3.5.4.3 Environmental conditions
3.5.4.4 Surface moisture condition
3.5.4.5 Moisture content of concrete
3.5.4.6 Application
3.5.4.7 Timings for application
3.5.4.8 Quality control testing
3.5.5 Structures affected by cracking caused by alkali aggregate reactivity (AAR)
3.5.6 Repair of fire-affected concrete
3.5.7 Installation of cathodic protection (CP) of reinforced concrete structures
3.5.8 Waterproofing of concrete bridge decks
3.5.8.1 General
3.5.8.2 Membranes
3.5.9 Sulfate attack repairs
3.6 Strengthening of concrete structures
3.6.1 General
3.6.2 Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite strengthening
3.6.2.1 General
3.6.2.2 Validation of FRP composite systems
3.6.2.3 Special inspection and testing
3.6.3 Strengthening of concrete structures with steel plates
3.6.4 Other types of strengthening of concrete structures
3.6.5 Post-installed fasteners
4 Steel structures
4.1 General
4.2 Condition assessment
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Existing information
4.2.3 Causes of deterioration
4.2.3.1 General
4.2.3.2 Corrosion
4.2.3.3 Graphitization
4.2.3.4 Permanent deformations
4.2.3.5 Cracking
4.2.3.6 Loose connections
4.2.4 Methods of assessment
4.2.4.1 General
4.2.4.2 Visual inspection
4.2.4.3 Hammer test
4.2.4.4 Thickness testing of steel sections
4.2.4.5 Coating condition testing
4.2.4.6 Radiographic testing
4.2.4.7 Ultrasonic testing
4.2.4.8 Magnetic particle testing
4.2.4.9 Acoustic emission
4.2.4.10 Laboratory testing of steel samples
4.2.4.11 Dye penetrant testing
4.2.4.12 Eddy current testing
4.2.4.13 Adhesion testing
4.2.4.14 Lead paint testing
4.2.4.15 Steel plate thickness testing
4.3 Assessment for cathodic protection (CP)
4.4 Inspection and assessment of fire-affected steel
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Assessment
4.5 Methods of repair, and rehabilitation of steel structures
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Paintwork
4.5.3 Replacing rivets
4.5.4 Replacing cracked plates and sections
4.6 Strengthening of steel structures
4.6.1 General
4.6.2 Welding
4.6.3 Welding steel plates to increase member capacity
4.6.4 Repairing impact damage
4.6.4.1 General
4.6.4.2 Inspection
4.6.4.3 Assessment
4.6.4.4 Repair
4.6.5 Post-tensioning steel composite bridges
4.6.6 Shear connection
5 Timber structures
5.1 General
5.2 Condition assessment
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Causes of deterioration
5.2.2.1 General
5.2.2.2 Structural overload
5.2.2.3 Splitting due to shrinkage
5.2.2.4 Insect attack (termites and marine borers)
5.2.2.5 Fungal attack (rot)
5.2.2.6 Weathering
5.2.2.7 Fire
5.2.3 Methods of assessment
5.2.3.1 General
5.2.3.2 Visual inspection
5.2.3.3 Inspection under transient loading
5.2.3.4 Inspection with timber boring
5.2.3.5 Nuclear densometer
5.2.3.6 Drill resistance testing
5.2.3.7 Assessing material and section properties
5.2.3.8 Methods of analysis
5.3 Types of repairs and strengthening works
6 Masonry structures
6.1 General
6.2 Condition assessment
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Existing information
6.2.3 Visual inspection
6.2.4 Separation of masonry leaves
6.2.5 Cracks
6.2.6 Masonry core samples
6.2.7 Non-destructive testing (NDT)
6.2.7.1 General
6.2.7.2 Ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
6.2.7.3 Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)
6.2.7.4 Impact echo
6.3 Assessment of fire-affected masonry
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Temperature effects and changes in masonry damaged by fire
6.3.3 Visual inspection
6.3.4 Masonry coring
6.3.5 Strength assessment
6.3.6 Structural analysis
6.4 Methods of repair, protection and strengthening of masonry structures
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Repair of cracks
6.4.2.1 General
6.4.2.2 Crack repair methods for moving cracks
6.4.2.3 Crack repair methods for stable cracks
6.4.3 Repair of fretting
6.4.3.1 General
6.4.3.2 Repair of damage to jointing mortar
6.4.3.3 Repair of damage to masonry units
6.4.4 Repair of impact damage
6.4.5 Repair damage due to corrosion of embedded iron or steel
6.4.6 Repair of fire-affected concrete
6.5 Strengthening of masonry structures
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Strengthening of masonry structures with steel plates
6.5.3 Other types of strengthening of masonry structures
7 Bearings
7.1 General
7.2 Inspection and condition assessment
7.3 Repair options
7.4 Repair design
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Design for temporary works
7.5 Repair design output
7.5.1 General
7.5.2 Bearing repair design report
7.5.3 Bearing repair drawings
7.5.4 Bearing repair specification
7.6 Bearing repair work
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Jacking
7.6.3 Work-as-executed drawings
7.6.4 Bearing inspection and assessment
7.6.5 Bearing repair work
8 Deck joints
8.1 General
8.2 Inspection and condition assessment
8.3 Repair options
8.4 Repair design
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Design for temporary works
8.5 Repair design output
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Deck joint repair design report
8.5.3 Deck joint repair drawings
8.5.4 Deck joint repair specification
8.6 Deck joint repair work
8.6.1 General
8.6.2 Removal and replacement of deck joints
8.6.3 Deck joint installation
9 Barriers
9.1 General
9.2 Repair design
9.2.1 Minor repairs
9.2.2 Major repairs
9.3 Inspection and condition assessment
9.4 Repair options
9.5 Full barrier replacement or major upgrade
10 Culverts
10.1 General
10.2 Condition assessment criteria
10.2.1 General
10.2.2 Strength and serviceability
10.2.2.1 General
10.2.2.2 Reinforced concrete culverts
10.2.2.3 Metal culverts
10.2.2.4 Masonry
10.2.2.5 Concrete pipes
10.2.3 Hydraulic performance
10.2.4 Embedment
10.2.5 Other criteria
10.3 Repair, rehabilitation and strengthening of structures
10.3.1 General
10.3.2 Reinforced concrete culverts
10.3.3 Metal culverts
10.3.4 Lengthening of existing culverts
10.3.5 Hydraulic performance
10.4 Design requirements
10.4.1 Reinforced concrete culverts
10.4.2 Metal culverts
10.5 Testing
11 Work, health and safety and quality requirements
11.1 General
11.2 Handling precautions
11.3 First aid
11.4 Cleaning up
11.5 Quality requirements
Appendix A
A1 Scope
A2 Materials
A2.1 General
A2.2 Reinforcing fibre materials
A2.2.1 Carbon laminate (carbon fibre reinforced with polymer matrix)
A2.2.2 Carbon fabric (high strength, high modulus carbon fibres)
A2.2.3 Glass fabric (medium strength, low modulus glass fibres)
A2.2.4 Aramid fabric (medium strength, medium modulus aramid fibres)
A2.3 Resin materials
A2.3.1 General requirements
A2.3.2 Primer
A2.3.3 Adhesive for carbon laminate
A2.3.4 Saturating resin
A2.3.5 Putty filler
A2.4 Handling and storage of materials
A2.5 Durability
A2.6 Fire
A3 System installation
A3.1 General
A3.2 Concrete surface preparation
A3.2.1 General
A3.2.2 Surface profile
A3.2.3 Reference profile
A3.2.4 Surface treatment
A3.2.5 Treatment of cracks
A3.2.6 Testing
A3.3 Primer and epoxy putty requirements
A3.4 Mixing of resins
A3.5 Drying and curing requirements
A3.6 Environmental conditions
A3.7 Application of laminates
A3.8 Application of fabric sheets
A3.9 FRP trial system application
A3.10 Installation personnel competency
A4 Inspection, testing and maintenance
A4.1 Inspection—Initial
A4.1.1 General
A4.1.2 Evaluation and acceptance
A4.2 Inspections—Ongoing
A4.2.1 Routine visual inspections
A4.2.2 Detailed inspection and testing
A4.3 Performance testing
A4.3.1 General
A4.3.2 Testing for delaminated areas
A4.3.3 Testing for flatness
A4.3.4 Adhesion (pull-off) testing
A4.3.5 Component testing
A4.3.5.1 Fibre fabric, laminates and adhesive resins
A4.3.5.2 Special inspection and testing
A4.4 Maintenance
A4.4.1 General
A4.4.2 Repair
A5 Design
A5.1 Design objectives
A5.2 Capacity reduction factor
A5.3 Minimum strength requirement
A5.4 FRP design properties
A5.5 Fire resistance
A5.6 Design by prototype testing
A6 Flexural strengthening
A6.1 General
A6.2 Basic principles
A6.2.1 Design strength
A6.2.2 Design assumptions
A6.2.3 Concrete stress-strain curve
A6.3 Strength limit state
A6.3.1 Failure modes
A6.3.2 Capacity reduction factors
A6.3.3 Ductility
A6.3.4 FRP strengthened beam
A6.3.5 Surface-bonded FRP strengthened beam
A6.3.5.1 Concrete crushing or FRP rupture
A6.3.5.2 FRP IC debonding
A6.3.5.3 Cover separation and end interfacial debonding
A6.3.6 Near surface mounted FRP strengthened beam
A6.3.6.1 Concrete crushing or FRP rupture
A6.3.6.2 FRP IC debonding
A6.3.6.3 Cover separation and end interfacial debonding
A6.4 Serviceability limit state (SLS)
A6.4.1 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits
A6.4.2 Serviceability stress limits
A6.5 Singly reinforced rectangular section
A6.5.1 Ultimate strength
A6.5.2 Serviceability
A6.6 Design steps
A7 Shear and torsional strengthening
A7.1 General
A7.2 Design of members strengthened with FRP in shear
A7.2.1 Design shear capacity of a beam
A7.2.2 FRP contribution to shear capacity of a beam
A7.2.3 Transverse FRP shear strengthening
A7.2.4 Detailing of FRP shear strengthening
A7.2.5 Anchorage
A7.3 Transverse FRP for combined shear and torsion
A7.3.1 General
A7.3.2 Design torsional capacity of a beam
A7.3.3 FRP contribution to torsional capacity of a beam
A7.3.4 Effective strain in FRP transverse torsional reinforcement
A7.3.5 Detailing of FRP transverse torsional reinforcement
A7.3.6 Anchorage
A8 Axial strengthening with FRP confinement
A8.1 General
A8.2 Basic principles
A8.2.1 Design assumptions
A8.2.2 Calculation of the ultimate strength in compression of a reinforced section
A8.2.3 Columns in combined axial compression and bending
A8.2.4 Concrete stress-strain curve of a FRP confined section
A8.2.5 Cross-section efficiency factors
A8.2.5.1 Circular cross-sections
A8.2.5.2 Non-circular cross-sections
A8.3 Serviceability limit state (SLS)
A9 Detailing
A9.1 Detailing to prevent premature FRP debonding
A9.2 Anchorage devices for FRP
A9.2.1 General
A9.2.2 Anchorage devices for FRP reinforcement used to strengthen members in flexure
A9.2.3 Anchorage devices for FRP reinforcement used to strengthen members in shear
Appendix B
B1 General
B2 Protection criteria
B3 Competency of personnel
B4 Cathodic protection regulations
B5 Cathodic protection exposure zones
B6 Design of cathodic protection systems
B7 Design check and certification
B8 Design parameters
B9 Monitoring and reference electrodes
B10 Repair and replacement of concrete and treatment of deficient steel
B11 Installation
B12 Commissioning the system
B13 Monitoring and maintenance manual
Appendix C
C1 General
C2 Procedure
Appendix D
D1 Design loads
D1.1 General
D1.2 Dead loads
D1.3 Dynamic load allowance (DLA)
D2 Design parameters
D2.1 Capacity reduction factors
D3 Modification factors
D3.1 Duration of load factor (k1)
D3.2 Size factor (k11)
D3.3 Factors for bolted connections (k16 and k17)
D3.4 Shaving factor (k21)
D4 Characteristic values
D5 Modulus of elasticity
D6 Design capacity of members subject to bending
D6.1 Bending capacity
D6.2 Flexural shear capacity
D6.3 Bearing capacity
D7 Design capacity of members subject to axial forces
D7.1 Compression capacity
D7.2 Force on lateral restraints
D7.3 Tension capacity
D8 Design capacity of members subject to combined actions
D8.1 Combined bending and compression
D8.2 Combined bending and tension
D9 Design capacity of bolted connections
D9.1 General
D9.2 Type 1 connections—Bolts subject to shear
D9.3 Type 2 connections—Bolts subject to tension
Appendix E
E1 General
Appendix F
F1 General
F1.1 Remedial and temporary repairs
F1.1.1 Splicing of timber piles
F1.1.2 Additional girders
F1.1.3 Concrete overlay
F1.2 Protection of timber members
F1.2.1 Flashing
F1.2.2 Preservative protection
F1.3 Rehabilitation and component replacement
F1.3.1 Timber concrete composite decks
F1.3.2 Replacement of timber piers
F1.3.3 Stress laminated timber decks
F1.3.4 Replacement of members
Bibliography
Cited references in this standard
Content history
DR AS 5100.8:2016
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