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AS 4678-2002
[Pending Revision]Earth-retaining structures
Specifies the design criteria and sets out guidance for use in the design of earth-retaining structures, for use by engineers and designers.
Published: 01/01/2002
Pages: 117
Table of contents
Cited references
Content history
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
Preface
1 Scope and general
1.1 Scope
1.2 Application
1.2.1 General
1.2.2 Structure classification
1.3 Referenced documents
1.4 Definitions
1.5 Notation
2 Investigation and testing
2.1 Investigations
2.1.1 Site and geotechnical data
2.1.2 Extent of investigation
2.1.3 General investigation requirements
2.1.4 Investigations for reinforced soil structures
2.1.4.1 General
2.1.4.2 Fill materials
2.1.4.3 Fill properties
2.1.4.4 Investigations for in situ reinforced soil structures
2.2 Testing
2.2.1 Fill materials
2.2.2 In situ materials
2.2.3 Laboratory testing
3 Design requirements
3.1 General
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Design principles
3.1.3 Partial factor method
3.1.4 Design using other methods
3.2 Design considerations for ultimate limit state
3.3 Design considerations for serviceability limit state
3.4 Design life
3.4.1 General
3.4.2 Design life considerations
3.5 Durability and performance over time
3.6 Drainage
3.6.1 General
3.6.2 Design considerations
3.7 Influence of construction on adjacent ground and structures
3.8 Submerged structures
3.9 Connections
4 Design loads
4.1 Loads
4.2 Load combinations
5 Material design factors
5.1 General
5.2 Material strength factors for soil shear strength
5.2.1 Cohesion
5.2.2 Internal friction angle
5.2.3 Determination of c and φ
5.3 Material factors for structural components
5.4 Structure classification factor
5.5 Strength factors for soil reinforcement
5.5.1 Tensile strength of soil reinforcement
5.5.1.1 General
5.5.1.2 Manufacturing variation factor
5.5.1.3 Time-dependent stress/strain behaviour factors
5.5.1.4 Construction damage factor
5.5.1.5 Environmental degradation factor
5.5.1.6 Design tensile strength of the soil reinforcement
5.5.2 Soil/reinforcement interaction strength
5.5.2.1 General
5.5.2.2 Design soil/reinforcement interaction strength
5.5.3 Connection strength
6 Construction
6.1 General
6.2 Construction tolerances
6.3 Specific requirements
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Site preparation/excavation
6.3.3 Foundation soils
6.3.4 Footings
6.3.5 Fill material
6.3.6 Placement of fill/compaction
6.3.7 Soil reinforcement
6.3.8 Facings
6.3.9 Drainage
6.3.10 Connections
7 Performance monitoring
Appendix A
A.1 General
A.2 Structure failure consequence
A.3 Guidance on classification of structures
Appendix B
B.1 General
B.2 Anchor components
B.3 Type of anchors
B.3.1 Permanent anchors
B.3.2 Temporary anchors
B.4 Design
B.4.1 General
B.4.2 Design of anchors with a rock anchorage zone
B.4.2.1 General
B.4.2.2 Uplift resistance of rock mass
B.4.2.3 Rock to grout bond
B.4.2.4 Grout to tendon bond
B.4.2.5 Tendon design
B.4.3 Design of soil anchors (including soil nails)
B.4.4 Anchorage loads
B.4.5 Testing of anchors
B.4.6 Anchor technical description
B.5 Corrosion protection
Appendix C
C.1 General
C.2 Basis for design
C.3 Limit states
C.4 External stability
C.5 Internal stability
C.5.1 General
C.5.2 Methods of assessing internal stability
C.5.3 Checks for nail loading
C.6 Serviceability
C.7 Facings
C.8 References
Appendix D
D.1 General
D.2 Soil parameters
D.2.1 Soil unit weights
D.2.2 Soil friction (φ) and cohesion (c)
D.2.2.1 General
D.2.2.2 Cohesive soils
D.2.2.3 Cohesionless soils
D.2.2.4 Rock materials
D.2.2.5 Fill materials
D.3 Typical soils
D.4 Fill materials for reinforced soil structures
D.4.1 General
D.4.2 Select fill for reinforced soil structures
D.4.2.1 General
D.4.2.2 Physical properties
D.4.2.3 Chemical and electrochemical properties
D.4.2.4 Design parameters, physical
D.4.2.5 Design parameters, chemical and electrochemical
D.4.2.6 Construction
D.4.3 Other fill for reinforced soil structures
D.4.3.1 General
D.4.3.2 Physical properties
D.4.3.3 Chemical and electrochemical properties
D.4.3.4 Design parameters, physical
D.4.3.5 Design parameters, chemical and electrochemical
D.4.3.6 Construction
Appendix E
E.1 Design models
E.2 Design methods
E.2.1 Safety in design
E.2.2 Representative material properties
E.2.2.1 General
E.2.2.2 Soil shear strength parameters
E.2.3 Notation
Appendix F
F.1 General
F.2 Reinforced soil structures
F.2.1 General
F.2.2 Durability
F.3 Reinforced soil and retaining structures
Appendix G
G.1 General
G.2 Drainage materials
G.2.1 Backfill materials
G.2.2 Geosynthetic materials
G.3 Pipework and maintenance
G.3.1 Pipework
G.3.2 Maintenance and clogging of drainage systems
G.4 Typical drainage details
G.5 Typical drainage details — earth-retaining structures
G.6 Soil nail structures
Appendix H
H.1 Design load
H.2 Coherent gravity method
H.3 Tie-back wedge method
Appendix I
I.1 General
I.2 Procedure
I.3 Structure classification
I.4 Acceleration coefficient
I.5 Soil profile and site factor
I.6 Earthquake design category
I.7 Design requirements
I.8 Specific earthquake analysis and design requirements
I.9 Ground acceleration
I.10 Maximum design earthquake (MDE)
I.11 Operating basis earthquake
I.12 Soil profile and amplification
I.13 Acceleration of the structure and its retained soil
I.14 External dynamic earth pressure load on structure
I.15 Dynamic load of structure itself
I.16 Dynamic water pressure
I.17 Total load under earthquake
I.18 Internal dynamic load
I.19 Stability and strength criteria
I.20 Applied loads
I.20.1 General
I.20.2 Effect of superstructure loads
I.21 Deformations
I.22 References
Appendix J
J.1 General
J.2 Load combinations for strength limit states
J.3 Load combinations for stability limit states
J.4 Load combinations for serviceability limit states
J.5 Example of the use of load factors
J.6 Loading combinations for special structures
J.7 Assessment of earth pressures
J.7.1 Earth and material pressures
J.7.1.1 Load factors and pressures
J.7.1.2 Restraint conditions
J.7.1.3 Limit states
J.7.2 Earth pressures
J.8 Influence of geometric shape of retaining structure
J.9 Earth pressures produced by compaction
J.10 Effects of surcharges
J.10.1 Types of surcharges
J.10.2 Design surcharge loads
J.10.3 Assessment of the effect of surcharge for conventional retaining structures
J.10.4 Assessment of the effect of applied loadings on reinforced soil structures
J.11 Effects of water and seepage
J.11.1 General
J.11.2 Uplift pressures
J.11.3 Long-term conditions
J.12 References
Appendix K
K.1 General
K.2 Manufacturing variation factor
K.3 Time-dependent stress/strain behaviour factors
K.4 Construction damage factor
K.5 Environmental factors
K.5.1 General
K.5.2 The reduction factor (thickness), Фrt
K.5.3 The reduction factor (strength), (Фrs)
K.5.4 Steel reinforcement
K.5.5 Polymer reinforcement
K.5.6 The reduction factor (temperatures) (Φrst)
K.5.7 The uncertainty factor (degradation) (Φud)
Cited references in this standard
[Available Superseded]
Minimum design loads on structures (known as the SAA Loading Code), Part 2: Wind loads
[Available Superseded]
Minimum design loads on structures (known as the SAA Loading Code), Part 1: Dead and live loads and load combinations
AS 1289.6.3
Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes, Method 3: Determination of the penetration resistance of a soil
[Withdrawn]
Residential slabs and footings, Part 1: Construction — Commentary (Supplement to AS 2870.1-1988)
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