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AS 4100 SUPP 1-1999

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Steel structures — Commentary (Supplement to AS 4100-1998)

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Provides background information and guidance to the requirements of AS 4100-1998.

Published: 05/03/1999

Pages: 166

Table of contents

Cited references

Content history

Table of contents

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PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

C1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

C1.1 SCOPE

C1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

C1.3 DEFINITIONS

C1.4 NOTATION

C1.5 USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS OR METHODS

C1.6 DESIGN

C1.7 CONSTRUCTION

C2 MATERIALS

C2.1 YIELD STRESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH USED IN DESIGN

C2.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL

C2.3 FASTENERS

C2.4 STEEL CASTINGS

C3 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

C3.1 DESIGN

C3.2 LOADS AND OTHER ACTIONS

C3.2.1 Loads

C3.2.2 Other actions

C3.2.3 Design load combinations

C3.2.4 Notional horizontal forces

C3.3 STABILITY LIMIT STATE

C3.4 STRENGTH LIMIT STATE

C3.5 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

C3.5.1 General

C3.5.2 Method

C3.5.3 Deflection limits

C3.5.4 Vibration of beams

C3.5.5 Bolt serviceability limit state

C3.5.6 Corrosion protection

C3.6 – C3.11

C4 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION

C4.1 METHODS OF DETERMINING ACTION EFFECTS

C4.1.1 General

C4.1.2 Definitions

C4.2 FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION ASSUMED FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

C4.2.1 General

C4.2.2 Rigid construction

C4.2.3 Semi-rigid construction

C4.2.4 Simple construction

C4.2.5 Design of connections

C4.3 ASSUMPTIONS FOR ANALYSIS

C4.3.1 General

C4.3.2 Span length

C4.3.3 Arrangements of live loads for buildings

C4.3.4 Simple construction

C4.4 ELASTIC ANALYSIS

C4.4.1 General

C4.4.1.1 Assumptions

C4.4.1.2 Second-order effects

C4.4.2 First-order elastic analysis

C4.4.2.1 General

C4.4.2.2 Moment amplification for a braced member

C4.4.2.3 Moment amplification for a sway member

C4.5 PLASTIC ANALYSIS

C4.5.1 Application

C4.5.2 Limitations

C4.5.3 Assumptions of analysis

C4.5.4 Second-order effects

C4.6 MEMBER BUCKLING ANALYSIS

C4.6.1 General

C4.6.2 Member buckling load

C4.6.3 Member effective length factor

C4.6.3.1 General

C4.6.3.2 Members with idealized end restraints

C4.6.3.3 Members in frames

C4.6.3.4 Stiffness ratios in rectangular frames

C4.6.3.5 Members in triangulated structures

C4.7 FRAME BUCKLING ANALYSIS

C4.7.1 General

C4.7.2 In-plane frame buckling

C4.7.2.1 Rectangular frames with all members braced

C4.7.2.2 Rectangular frames with sway members

C5 MEMBERS SUBJECT TO BENDING

INTRODUCTION

C5.1 DESIGN FOR BENDING MOMENT

C5.2 SECTION MOMENT CAPACITY FOR BENDING ABOUT A PRINCIPAL AXIS

C5.2.1 General

C5.2.2 Section slenderness

C5.2.3 Compact section

C5.2.4 Non-compact sections

C5.2.5 Slender sections

C5.2.6 Elastic and plastic section moduli

C5.3 MEMBER CAPACITY OF SEGMENTS WITH FULL LATERAL RESTRAINT

C5.3.1 Member capacity

C5.3.2 Segments with full lateral restraint

C5.3.2.1 General

C5.3.2.2 Segments with continuous lateral restraints

C5.3.2.3 Segments with intermediate lateral restraints

C5.3.2.4 Segments with full or partial restraints at both ends

C5.3.3 Critical section

C5.4 RESTRAINTS

C5.4.1 General

C5.4.2 Restraints at a cross-section

C5.4.2.1 Fully restrained

C5.4.2.2 Partially restrained

C5.4.2.3 Rotationally restrained

C5.4.2.4 Laterally restrained

C5.4.3 Restraining elements

C5.4.3.1 Restraint against lateral deflection

C5.4.3.2 Restraint against twist rotation

C5.4.3.3 Parallel restrained members

C5.4.3.4 Restraint against lateral rotation

C5.5 CRITICAL FLANGE

C5.6 MEMBER CAPACITY OF SEGMENTS WITHOUT FULL LATERAL RESTRAINT

C5.6.1 Segments fully or partially restrained at both ends

C5.6.1.1 Open sections with equal flanges

C5.6.1.2 I-sections with unequal flanges

C5.6.1.3 Angle sections

C5.6.1.4 Hollow sections

C5.6.2 Segments unrestrained at one end

C5.6.3 Effective length

C5.6.4 Design by buckling analysis

C5.7 BENDING IN A NON-PRINCIPAL PLANE

C5.7.1 Deflections constrained to a non-principal plane

C5.7.2 Deflections unconstrained

C5.8 SEPARATORS AND DIAPHRAGMS

C5.9 DESIGN OF WEBS

C5.9.1 General

C5.9.2 Definition of web panel

C5.9.3 Minimum thickness of web panel

C5.10 ARRANGEMENT OF WEBS

C5.10.1 Unstiffened webs

C5.10.2 Load bearing stiffeners

C5.10.3 Side reinforcing plates

C5.10.4 Transversely stiffened webs

C5.10.5 Webs with longitudinal and transverse stiffeners

C5.10.6 Webs of members designed plastically

C5.10.7 Openings in webs

C5.11 SHEAR CAPACITY OF WEBS

C5.11.1 Shear capacity

C5.11.2 Approximately uniform shear stress distribution

C5.11.3 Non-uniform shear stress distribution

C5.11.4 Shear yield capacity

C5.11.5 Shear buckling capacity

C5.11.5.1 Unstiffened web

C5.11.5.2 Stiffened web

C5.12 INTERACTION OF SHEAR AND BENDING

C5.12.1 General

C5.12.2 Proportioning method

C5.12.3 Shear and bending interaction method

C5.13 COMPRESSIVE BEARING ACTION ON THE EDGE OF A WEB

C5.13.1 Dispersion of force to web

C5.13.2 Bearing capacity

C5.13.3 Bearing yield capacity

C5.13.4 Bearing buckling capacity

C5.13.5 Combined bending and bearing of rectangular and square hollow sections

C5.14 DESIGN OF LOAD BEARING STIFFENERS

C5.14.1 Yield capacity

C5.14.2 Buckling capacity

C5.14.3 Outstand of stiffeners

C5.14.4 Fitting of load bearing stiffeners

C5.14.5 Design for torsional end restraint

C5.15 DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE TRANSVERSE WEB STIFFENERS

C5.15.1 General

C5.15.2 Spacing

C5.15.2.1 Interior panels

C5.15.2.2 End panels

C5.15.3 Minimum area

C5.15.4 Buckling capacity

C5.15.5 Minimum stiffness

C5.15.6 Outstand of stiffeners

C5.15.7 External forces

C5.15.7.1 Increase in stiffness

C5.15.7.2 Increase in strength

C5.15.8 Connection of intermediate stiffeners to web

C5.15.9 End posts

C5.16 DESIGNING OF LONGITUDINAL WEB STIFFENERS

C5.16.1 General

C5.16.2 Minimum stiffness

C6 MEMBERS SUBJECT TO AXIAL COMPRESSION

INTRODUCTION

C6.1 DESIGN FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

C6.2 NOMINAL SECTION CAPACITY

C6.2.1 General

C6.2.2 Form factor

C6.2.3 Plate element slenderness

C6.2.4 Effective width

C6.3 NOMINAL MEMBER CAPACITY

C6.3.1 Definitions

C6.3.2 Effective length

C6.3.3 Nominal capacity of a member of constant cross-section

C6.3.4 Nominal capacity of a member of varying cross-section

C6.4 LACED AND BATTENED COMPRESSION MEMBERS

C6.4.1 Design forces

C6.4.2 Laced compression members

C6.4.2.1 Slenderness ratio of a main component

C6.4.2.2 Slenderness of a laced compression member

C6.4.2.3 Lacing angle

C6.4.2.4 Effective length of a lacing element

C6.4.2.5 Slenderness ratio limit of a lacing element

C6.4.2.6 Mutually opposed lacing

C6.4.2.7 Tie plates

C6.4.3 Battened compression member

C6.4.3.1 Slenderness ratio of a main component

C6.4.3.2 Slenderness ratios of a battened compression member

C6.4.3.3 Effective length of a batten

C6.4.3.4 Maximum slenderness ratio of a batten

C6.4.3.5 Width of a batten

C6.4.3.6 Thickness of a batten

C6.4.3.7 Loads on battens

C6.5 COMPRESSION MEMBERS BACK TO BACK

C6.5.1 Components separated

C6.5.1.1 Application

C6.5.1.2 Configuration

C6.5.1.3 Slenderness

C6.5.1.4 Connection

C6.5.1.5 Design forces

C6.5.2 Components in contact

C6.5.2.1 Application

C6.5.2.2 Configuration

C6.5.2.3 Slenderness

C6.5.2.4 Connection

C6.5.2.5 Design forces

C6.6 RESTRAINTS

C6.6.1 Restraint systems

C6.6.2 Restraining members and connections

C6.6.3 Parallel braced compression members

C7 MEMBERS SUBJECT TO AXIAL TENSION

C7.1 DESIGN FOR AXIAL TENSION

C7.2 NOMINAL SECTION CAPACITY

C7.3 DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES

C7.3.1 End connections providing uniform force distribution

C7.3.2 End connections providing non-uniform force distribution

C7.4 TENSION MEMBERS WITH TWO OR MORE MAIN COMPONENTS

C7.5 MEMBERS WITH PIN CONNECTIONS

C8 MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED ACTIONS

INTRODUCTION

C8.1 GENERAL

C8.2 DESIGN ACTIONS

C8.3 SECTION CAPACITY

C8.3.1 General

C8.3.2 Uniaxial bending about the major principal x-axis

C8.3.3 Uniaxial bending about the minor principal y-axis

C8.3.4 Biaxial bending

C8.4 MEMBER CAPACITY

C8.4.1 General

C8.4.2 In-plane capacity—Elastic analysis

C8.4.2.1 Application

C8.4.2.2 Compression members

C8.4.2.3 Tension members

C8.4.3 In-plane capacity—Plastic analysis

C8.4.3.1 Application

C8.4.3.2 Member slenderness

C8.4.3.3 Web slenderness

C8.4.3.4 Plastic moment capacity

C8.4.4 Out-of-plane capacity

C8.4.4.1 Compression members

C8.4.4.2 Tension members

C8.4.5 Biaxial bending capacity

C8.4.5.1 Compression members

C8.4.5.2 Tension members

C8.4.6 Eccentrically loaded double bolted or welded single angles in trusses

C8.5 TORSION

C8.5.1 Introduction

C8.5.2 Occurrence

C8.5.3 Types of pure torsion

C8.5.3.1 Uniform torsion

C8.5.3.2 Warping torsion

C8.5.3.3 Non-uniform torsion

C8.5.4 Analysis of torsion

C8.5.4.1 Pure torsion—elastic analysis

C8.5.4.2 Pure torsion—plastic analysis

C8.5.4.3 Combined bending and torsion

C8.5.5 Design for torsion

C8.5.5.1 Pure torsion

C8.5.5.2 Combined bending and torsion

C9 CONNECTIONS

C9.1 GENERAL

C9.1.1 Requirements for connections

C9.1.2 Classification of connections

C9.1.3 Design of connections

C9.1.4 Minimum design actions on connections

C9.1.5 Intersections

C9.1.6 Choice of fasteners

C9.1.7 Combined connections

C9.1.8 Prying forces

C9.1.9 Connection components

C9.1.10 Deductions for fastener holes

C9.1.11 Hollow section connections

C9.2 DEFINITIONS

C9.3 DESIGN OF BOLTS

C9.3.1 Bolts and bolting category

C9.3.2 Bolt strength limit states

C9.3.2.1 Bolt in shear

C9.3.2.2 Bolt in tension

C9.3.2.3 Bolt subject to combined shear and tension

C9.3.2.4 Ply in bearing

C9.3.2.5 Filler plates

C9.3.3 Bolt serviceability limit state

C9.3.3.1 Design

C9.3.3.2 Contact surfaces

C9.3.3.3 Combined shear and tension

C9.4 ASSESSMENT OF THE STRENGTH OF A BOLT GROUP

C9.4.1 Bolt group subject to in-plane loading

C9.4.2 Bolt group subject to out-of-plane loading

C9.4.3 Bolt group subject to combinations of in-plane and out-of-plane loadings

C9.5 DESIGN OF A PIN CONNECTION

C9.5.1 Pin in shear

C9.5.2 Pin in bearing

C9.5.3 Pin in bending

C9.5.4 Ply in bearing

C9.6 DESIGN DETAILS FOR BOLTS AND PINS

C9.6.1 Minimum pitch

C9.6.2 Minimum edge distance

C9.6.3 Maximum pitch

C9.6.4 Maximum edge distance

C9.6.5 Holes

C9.7 DESIGN OF WELDS

C9.7.1 Scope

C9.7.2 Complete and incomplete penetration butt welds

C9.7.2.1 Definitions

C9.7.2.2 Size of weld

C9.7.2.3 Design throat thickness

C9.7.2.4 Effective length

C9.7.2.5 Effective area

C9.7.2.6 Transition of thickness or width

C9.7.2.7 Strength assessment of a butt weld

C9.7.3 Fillet welds

C9.7.3.1 Size of a fillet weld

C9.7.3.2 Minimum size of a fillet weld

C9.7.3.3 Maximum size of a fillet weld along an edge

C9.7.3.4 Design throat thickness

C9.7.3.5 Effective length

C9.7.3.6 Effective area

C9.7.3.7 Transverse spacing of fillet welds

C9.7.3.8 Intermittent fillet welds

C9.7.3.9 Built-up members— intermittent fillet welds

C9.7.3.10 Strength limit state for a fillet weld

C9.7.4 Plug and slot welds

C9.7.5 Compound weld

C9.8 ASSESSMENT OF THE STRENGTH OF A WELD GROUP

C9.8.1 Weld group subjected to in-plane loading

C9.8.1.1 General method of analysis

C9.8.1.2 Alternative analysis

C9.8.2 Weld group subject to out-of-plane loading

C9.8.2.1 General method of analysis

C9.8.2.2 Alternative analysis

C9.8.3 Weld group subject to in-plane and out-of-plane loading

C9.8.4 Combination of weld types

C9.9 PACKING IN CONSTRUCTION

C10 BRITTLE FRACTURE

INTRODUCTION

C10.2 METHODS

C10.3 NOTCH-DUCTILE RANGE METHOD

C10.4 DESIGN SERVICE TEMPERATURE

C10.5 MATERIAL SELECTION

C10.6 FRACTURE ASSESSMENT

C11 FATIGUE

INTRODUCTION

C11.1 GENERAL

C11.1.1 Requirements

C11.1.2 Definitions

C11.1.3 Notation

C11.1.4 Limitation

C11.1.5 Designation of weld category

C11.1.6 Method

C11.1.7 Thickness effect

C11.2 FATIGUE LOADING

C11.3 DESIGN SPECTRUM

C11.3.1 Stress determination

C11.3.2 Design spectrum calculation

C11.4 EXEMPTION FROM FURTHER ASSESSMENT

C11.5 DETAIL CATEGORY

C11.5.1 Detail categories for normal stress

C11.5.2 Detail categories for shear stress

C11.6 FATIGUE STRENGTH

C11.6.1 Definition of fatigue strength for normal stress

C11.6.2 Definition of fatigue strength for shear stress

C11.7 EXEMPTION FROM FURTHER ASSESSMENT

C11.8 FATIGUE ASSESSMENT

C11.8.1 Constant stress range

C11.8.2 Variable stress range

C11.9 PUNCHING LIMITATION

C12 FIRE

C12.1 REQUIREMENTS

C12.2 DEFINITIONS

C12.3 DETERMINATION OF PERIOD OF STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY

C12.4 VARIATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL WITH TEMPERATURE

C12.5 DETERMINATION OF LIMITING STEEL TEMPERATURE

C12.6 DETERMINATION OF TIME AT WHICH LIMITING TEMPERATURE IS ATTAINED FOR PROTECTED MEMBERS

C12.7 DETERMINATION OF TIME AT WHICH LIMITING TEMPERATURE IS ATTAINED FOR UNPROTECTED MEMBERS

C12.8 DETERMINATION OF PSA FROM A SINGLE TEST

C12.9 THREE-SIDED FIRE EXPOSURE CONDITION

C12.10 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

C13 EARTHQUAKE

INTRODUCTION

C13.1 GENERAL

C13.2 DEFINITIONS

C13.3 DESIGN AND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS

C13.3.1 General

C13.3.2 Requirements for structures of earthquake Design Categories A and B

C13.3.3 Requirements for structures of earthquake Design Category C

C13.3.4 Requirements for structures of earthquake Design Categories D and E

C13.3.4.1 General

C13.3.4.2 Bearing wall and building frame systems

C13.3.4.3 Moment resisting frames

C13.3.4.4 Dual systems

C13.3.4.5 Fabrication in an area of plastic deformation

C13.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR NON-BUILDING STRUCTURES

C14 FABRICATION

C14.1 GENERAL

C14.2 MATERIAL

C14.2.1 General

C14.2.2 Identification

C14.3 FABRICATION PROCEDURES

C14.3.1 Methods

C14.3.2 Full contact splices

C14.3.3 Cutting

C14.3.4 Welding

C14.3.5 Holing

C14.3.5.1 General

C14.3.5.2 Hole size

C14.3.6 Bolting

C14.3.6.1 General

C14.3.6.2 Tensioned bolt

C14.3.6.3 Preparation of surfaces in contact

C14.3.7 Pinned connection

C14.4 TOLERANCES

C14.4.1 General

C14.4.2 Notation

C14.4.3 Cross-section

C14.4.4 Compression member

C14.4.4.1 Straightness

C14.4.4.2 Full contact splice

C14.4.4.3 Length

C14.4.5 Beam

C14.4.6 Tension member

C14.5 INSPECTION

C14.6 FABRICATION MATTERS AND CONTRACT DOCUMENTS

C15 ERECTION

C15.1 GENERAL

C15.1.1 Rejection of an erected item

C15.1.2 Safety during erection

C15.1.3 Equipment support

C15.1.4 Reference temperature

C15.2 ERECTION PROCEDURES

C15.2.1 General

C15.2.2 Delivery, storage and handling

C15.2.3 Assembly and alignment

C15.2.4 Assembly of a connection involving tensioned bolts

C15.2.4.1 Placement of a nut

C15.2.4.2 Packing

C15.2.4.3 Tightening pattern

C15.2.4.4 Retensioning

C15.2.5 Methods of tensioning

C15.2.5.1 General

C15.2.5.2 Part-turn method of tensioning

C15.2.6 Tensioning by use of direct-tension indication

C15.3 TOLERANCES

C15.3.1 Location of anchor bolts

C15.3.2 Column base

C15.3.2.1 Position in plan

C15.3.2.2 Level

C15.3.2.3 Full contact

C15.3.3 Plumbing of a compression member

C15.3.4 Column splice

C15.3.5 Level and alignment of a beam

C15.3.6 Position of a tension member

C15.3.7 Overall building dimensions

C15.4 INSPECTION OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

C15.5 GROUTING AT SUPPORTS

C15.6 INSPECTION

C15.6.1 General

C15.6.2 Inspection of welded connections

C15.7 ERECTION MATTERS AND CONTRACT DOCUMENTS

C16 MODIFICATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURESby T.J. Hogan

C16.1 GENERAL

C16.2 MATERIALS

C16.3 CLEANING

C16.4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS

C16.4.1 Welding and cutting

C16.4.2 Welding sequence

C17 TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR ELEMENTS

C17.1 GENERAL

C17.1.1 Scope of section

C17.1.2 Circumstances requiring tests

C17.2 DEFINITIONS

C17.3 TEST REQUIREMENTS

C17.4 PROOF TESTING

C17.4.1 Application

C17.4.2 Test load

C17.4.3 Criteria for acceptance

C17.5 PROTOTYPE TESTING

C17.5.1 Test specimen

C17.5.2 Test load

C17.5.3 Criteria for acceptance

C17.5.4 Acceptance of production units

C17.6 REPORT OF TESTS

APPENDIX CA

APPENDIX CB

CB1 SUGGESTED VERTICAL DEFLECTION LIMITS FOR BEAMS

CB2 SUGGESTED HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION LIMITS

APPENDIX CC

APPENDIX CD

INTRODUCTION

CD1 GENERAL

CD2 DESIGN

APPENDIX CE

CE1 ANALYSIS

CE2 DESIGN BENDING MOMENT

APPENDIX CF

APPENDIX CG

APPENDIX CH

CH1 GENERAL

CH2 SEGMENTS RESTRAINED AT BOTH ENDS

CH3 SEGMENTS UNRESTRAINED AT ONE END

CH4 REFERENCE BUCKLING MOMENT

CH5 EFFECTS OF END RESTRAINTS

CH5.1 Torsional end restraints

CH5.2 End restraints against lateral rotation

CH5.2.1 Segments restrained at both ends

CH5.2.2 Segments unrestrained at one end

CH6 REFERENCES

APPENDIX CI

CI1 INTRODUCTION

CI2 YIELDING CHECK

CI3 BUCKLING CHECK

APPENDIX CJ

APPENDIX CK

APPENDIX CL

Cited references in this standard

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