Standard
UPDATE AVAILABLE
AS 3778.2.2-2001
[Superseded]Measurement of water flow in open channels, Part 2.2: General — Establishment and operation of a gauging station
This Standard is identical to and has been reproduced from ISO 1100-1:1996.
Published: 12/03/2001
Pages: 20
Table of contents
Cited references
Content history
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
Preface
1 Scope
1.1
1.2
2 Normative references
3 Definitions
4 Units of measurement
5 Stage-discharge gauging stations (natural channels)
5.1 Principle
5.2 Main elements of a gauging station
5.2.1 Control section (or reach)
5.2.2 Stage-measuring devices
5.2.2.1 Vertical and inclined staff gauges
5.2.2.2 Other devices
5.2.2.3 Gauge-zero elevation (seeISO 4373)
5.2.3 Stage-sensing devices
5.2.3.1 Float system
5.2.3.2 Pneumatic pressure sensor
5.2.3.3 Diaphragm pressure sensor
5.2.3.4 Downward-looking ultrasonic device
5.2.3.5 Upward-looking ultrasonic device
5.2.3.6 Other stage sensors
5.2.3.7 Maximum-stage gauge
5.2.4 Accuracy of stage measurements
5.2.5 Water-level recorders
5.2.5.1 Analog recorders
5.2.5.2 Digital paper tape recorders
5.2.5.3 Magnetic tape recorders
5.2.5.4 Electronic memory (solid state) recorders
5.2.6 Discharge-measuring section or reach (gauging section)
5.2.7 Discharge measurement by the velocity-area method
5.2.8 Discharge measurement by the dilution method
5.3 Preliminary survey and selection criteria
5.3.1 Preliminary survey
5.3.2 Selection criteria
5.3.2.1 Measurement range
5.3.2.2 Stability
5.3.2.3 Sensitivity
5.3.2.4 Scale readability
5.3.2.5 Accessibility
5.3.2.6 Silting
5.3.2.7 Flood protection
5.3.2.8 Discharge measurements
5.3.2.9 Possible site improvements
5.4 Establishment of stage-discharge relation gauging station
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Preparatory work
5.4.3 Stage measurement and recording
5.4.4 Discharge measurement
5.4.4.1
5.4.4.2
5.4.4.3
5.4.5 Operation of a stage-discharge relation gauging station
5.4.5.1
5.4.5.2
5.4.5.3
5.4.5.4
5.4.5.5
5.4.5.6
5.4.6 Stage-discharge gauging stations with artificial controls (notches, weirs and flumes)
5.4.6.1 Principle
5.4.6.2 Survey and selection of site
5.4.6.3 Types of measuring structure
5.4.6.3.1 Standardized measuring structures
5.4.6.3.2 Nonstandardized measuring structures
5.4.6.4 Choice of measuring structure
5.4.6.5 Construction and installation
5.4.6.6 Checking of dimensions
5.4.6.7 Stage measurement
5.5 Establishment and operation of a stage-fall-discharge relation gauging station (two gauges)
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Preparatory work
5.5.3 Stage measurement and recording
5.5.3.1 Composition of gauging station
5.5.3.2 Benchmarks
5.5.3.3 Stage (reference) gauges
5.5.4 Discharge measurement
5.5.5 Operation of the station
6 Direct discharge-gauging stations
6.1 Ultrasonic gauging stations
6.1.1 Principle
6.1.2 Selection of site
6.1.3 Design and construction
6.1.4 Calibration
6.1.5 Operation of the station
6.2 Electromagnetic gauging stations
6.2.1 Principle
6.2.2 Selection of site
6.2.3 Design and construction
6.2.4 Calibration
6.2.5 Operation of the station
7 Measurement of stage and discharge under particular conditions
7.1 Ice conditions
7.1.1 Stilling well
7.1.2 Pneumatic pressure sensor
7.1.3 Diaphragm pressure sensor
7.1.4 Notches, weirs and flumes
7.2 Weed growth at gauging stations
7.3 Rapid changes in discharge
8 Compilation of records
8.1 General
8.1.1 Collection of field data
8.1.2 Converting stage data to discharge data
8.1.3 Extrapolation of the stage-discharge relation
8.2 Stage records
8.2.1 At constant time intervals
8.2.2 Pivot-point values
8.2.3 Archiving
8.3 Discharge records
8.3.1 Analog recording
8.3.2 Digital recording
8.3.3 Solid-state recording
8.4 Shifts in the stage-discharge curve
8.4.1 Shifts in control
8.4.2 Shift adjustments
8.4.3 Shifting controls due to ice conditions
8.5 Direct-discharge gauging station data
8.6 Stage-fall-discharge station data
8.7 Presentation of streamflow data
Annex A
Cited references in this standard
Content history
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