Standard
Track updates
AS 2519-1993
[Current]Guide to the technical evaluation of higher rank coal deposits
Sets out recommended practices for the technical evaluation of a higher rank coal deposit, principally using borehole techniques.
Published: 14/06/1993
Pages: 112
Table of contents
Cited references
Content history
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
1.3 DEFINITIONS
2 STAGES OF PROSPECT EVALUATION
2.1 GENERAL
2.2 PRE-EXPLORATION STAGE
2.2.1 General
2.2.2 Objectives
2.2.3 Method
2.3 EXPLORATION STAGE 1—REGIONAL ASSESSMENT
2.3.1 General
2.3.2 Objectives
2.3.3 Methods
2.3.3.1 Geological structure
2.3.3.2 Seam properties
2.4 EXPLORATION STAGE 2—RESOURCE EVALUATION
2.4.1 General
2.4.2 Objectives
2.4.3 Method
2.5 EXPLORATION STAGE 3—MINE PLANNING
2.5.1 General
2.5.2 Objectives
2.5.3 Method
2.6 EXPLORATION STAGE 4—BULK SAMPLING OR TRIAL MINING
2.6.1 General
2.6.2 Objective
2.6.3 Method
2.7 ONGOING EVALUATION DURING MINING
3 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS
3.1 GENERAL
3.2 SURFACE SURVEYS
3.3 AIRBORNE SURVEYS
3.3.1 Aeromagnetics
3.3.2 Aeroradiometrics
3.3.3 Electrometrics
3.3.4 Parameters
3.4 UNDERGROUND SURVEYS
3.4.1 In-seam seismic surveys
3.4.2 Radio-imaging method
4 DRILLING
4.1 GENERAL
4.2 THE DRILL RIG
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Diamond drill
4.2.3 Rotary rig
4.2.4 Top-drive hydraulic rig
4.3 NON-CORE DRILLING
4.3.1 Soft superficial formations
4.3.2 Hard formations
4.3.3 Air circulation
4.3.4 Water circulation
4.4 CORE DRILLING
4.4.1 Borehole size
4.4.2 Barrels
4.4.3 Rods
4.4.4 Bits
4.4.5 Orientated core
4.5 DRILLING FLUIDS AND ADDITIVES
4.6 CASING AND COMPLETION OF HOLES
4.7 DIFFICULT DRILLING
4.8 SURVEY OF THE HOLE
5 DRILLING SITE FUNCTIONS
5.1 GENERAL
5.2 DRILLING THE HOLE
5.3 LOGGING, FIELD TESTING AND REMOVAL OF CORE
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Core logging
5.3.2.1 Rock strata
5.3.2.2 Coal seams
5.3.3 Field tests
5.3.4 Core removal
5.4 DOWN-HOLE GEOPHYSICAL WIRELINE LOGGING
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Types of geophysical logs
5.4.3 Nuclear logging
5.4.3.1 Gamma-gamma density logging
5.4.3.2 Natural gamma logging
5.4.3.3 Neutron-neutron logging
5.4.4 Electric logging
5.4.4.1 General
5.4.4.2 Single-point resistivity logging
5.4.4.3 Focussed electric logging
5.4.4.4 Dipmeter logging
5.4.5 Direct physical reading techniques
5.4.5.1 Sonic velocity logging
5.4.5.2 Calliper logging
5.4.5.3 Temperature logging
5.5 GAS EMISSION TESTING
5.5.1 Pressure testing
5.5.2 Seam gas analysis
5.6 DATA RECORDING
5.7 HANDLING THE CORE
5.7.1 General
5.7.2 Field subdivision
5.7.3 Packaging for laboratory subdivision
5.7.4 Packaging of non-coal core
6 LABORATORY TESTING AND ANALYSIS
6.1 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 X-ray radiography
6.1.3 Relative density of lump sample
6.1.4 Lithotype logging
6.1.5 Gamma-ray attenuation tests
6.1.6 Portable XRF analysis
6.1.7 Colour photography
6.2 SUBDIVISION
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Subdivision on a ply-by-ply basis
6.2.3 Subdivision on a probable working section basis
6.2.3.1 General
6.2.3.2 Underground mining
6.2.3.3 Surface mining
6.3 PARTIALLY DESTRUCTIVE TESTS
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Petrographic analysis of rock thin sections
6.3.3 Mechanical tests
6.4 PRETREATMENT OF COAL CORE
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 When pretreatment is unnecessary
6.4.3 When pretreatment is required
6.4.4 Pretreatment Step 1—Breakage of core to plant feed sizing
6.4.4.1 General
6.4.4.2 Determination of target preparation plant feed distribution
6.4.4.3 Breakage of core
6.4.5 Pretreatment Step 2—The drum tumbler method for achieving preparation plant sizing
6.4.6 Shale breakdown assessment
6.5 SEPARATION TESTS
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Float and sink testing
6.5.2.1 General
6.5.2.2 Geological assessment (small core)
6.5.2.3 Generation of preparation plant design parameters (large core)
6.5.3 Froth flotation testing
6.5.3.1 General
6.5.3.2 Method of test
6.6 PREPARATION AND STORAGE OF ANALYSIS SAMPLES
6.6.1 General
6.6.2 Sample preparation
6.6.3 Sample storage
6.7 ANALYSIS
6.7.1 General
6.7.2 Chemical properties
6.7.2.1 Proximate analysis
6.7.2.2 Ultimate analysis
6.7.2.3 Carbonate carbon
6.7.2.4 Specific energy
6.7.2.5 Chlorine
6.7.2.6 Phosphorus
6.7.2.7 Mineral matter
6.7.2.8 Other chemical analyses
6.7.3 Physical properties
6.7.3.1 Relative density of analysis sample (AS 1038.21)
6.7.3.2 Moisture-holding capacity
6.7.3.3 Hardgrove grindability index
6.7.3.4 Abrasion index
6.7.3.5 Crossing-point temperature
6.7.4 Storage and handling properties
6.7.4.1 General
6.7.4.2 Dustiness
6.7.4.3 Coal flow properties
6.7.4.4 Size degradation
6.7.4.5 Transportable moisture limit
6.7.5 Properties of the inorganic material
6.7.5.1 Ash analysis
6.7.5.2 Trace element analysis
6.7.5.3 Ash fusion properties
6.7.5.4 Fly-ash electrostatic precipitability
6.7.5.5 Shale breakdown
6.7.6 Swelling, caking and plastometric properties
6.7.6.1 Crucible swelling number (CSN)
6.7.6.2 Gray-King coke type
6.7.6.3 Dilatometer test
6.7.6.4 Gieseler plastometer test
6.7.6.5 Roga index
6.7.6.6 Kopper swelling test
6.7.6.7 Penetration plastometer
6.7.7 Petrographic properties
6.7.7.1 General
6.7.7.2 Maceral analysis
6.7.7.3 Microlithotype analysis
6.7.7.4 Vitrinite reflectance
6.7.7.5 Further microscopic examination
6.7.8 Conversion properties
6.7.8.1 General
6.7.8.2 Gray-King carbonization assay
6.7.8.3 Fischer carbonization assay
6.7.8.4 Batch-autoclave hydrogenation test
6.7.9 The effects of some coal properties on the utilization of coal
6.8 SMALL-SCALE OR PILOT-SCALE COKE OVEN TESTS
6.8.1 General
6.8.2 Coke oven tests
6.8.3 Coke tests
6.9 SMALL-SCALE AND PILOT-SCALE COMBUSTION TESTS
6.9.1 General
6.9.2 Small-scale simulation tests
6.9.3 Pilot-scale testing
7 RECOMMENDED LABORATORY TEST PROGRAMS
7.1 GENERAL
7.2 PLY-BY-PLY ANALYSIS
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Without float and sink testing (see Figure 7.1)
7.2.2.1 Each coal ply
7.2.2.2 Each non-coal ply (including immediate roof and floor)
7.2.2.3 Working-section composite
7.2.3 Float and sink testing of all coal plies
7.2.3.1 Each coal ply
7.2.3.2 Each non-coal ply (including immediate roof and floor)
7.2.3.3 Non-coal composite
7.2.3.4 Working-section floats composite
7.2.4 Float and sink testing on the working section only
7.2.4.1 Each coal ply
7.2.4.2 Each non-coal ply (including immediate roof and floor)
7.2.4.3 Working-section composite
7.2.4.4 Working-section floats composite
7.2.4.5 Non-coal composite
7.3 WORKING SECTION ANALYSIS
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Without float and sink testing (see Figure 7.4)
7.3.3 With float and sink testing
7.3.3.1 Procedure
7.3.3.2 Working-section floats composite
7.3.3.3 Working-section raw composite
7.3.4 Pretreatment followed by float and sink testing (see Figures 7.6 and 7.7)
7.3.4.1 Pretreatment
7.3.4.2 Coarse fractions
7.3.4.3 Fine fraction
7.3.4.4 Simulated washed product
7.4 CHIP SAMPLES
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Oxidation tests
7.4.2.1 Moisture
7.4.2.2 Crucible swelling number (CSN)
7.4.2.3 Alkali extraction of coal
7.5 CHECK FOR INTERNAL CONSISTENCY
7.5.1 General
7.5.2 Procedure 1
7.5.3 Procedure 2
8 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
8.1 GENERAL
8.2 GEOLOGICAL DATA
8.3 COAL QUALITY DATA
8.4 CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHER RANK COALS
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Coding
8.4.3 Other systems
APPENDIX A
A1 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
A2 RELATED DOCUMENTS
APPENDIX B
The new Australian Code for Reporting Identified Coal Resources and Reserves
AUSTRALIAN CODE FOR REPORTING IDENTIFIED COAL RESOURCES AND RESERVES
PREAMBLE
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
Coal resources
Coal reserves
Points of observation
CATEGORIES OF RESOURCES
TYPES OF RESERVES
REPORTING OF RESOURCES AND RESERVES
MAPS
PUBLIC STATEMENT
REFERENCES
APPENDIX C
C1 GENERAL
Cited references in this standard
[Current]
Coal and coke — Analysis and testing, Part 16: Assessment and reporting of results
[Withdrawn]
Coal and coke — Analysis and testing, Part 17: Higher rank coal — Moisture-holding capacity (equilibrium moisture)
[Withdrawn]
Coal and coke — Analysis and testing, Part 19: Higher rank coal — Abrasion index
[Superseded]
Coal and coke — Analysis and testing, Part 21.2: Higher rank coal and coke — Relative density — Lump sample
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