Standard
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AS 2419.1:2021
[Current]Fire hydrant installations, Part 1: System design, installation and commissioning
AS 2419.1 specifies requirements for the design, installation and commissioning and testing of fire hydrant installations that are used for the protection of buildings, structures, storage yards, marinas and associated moored vessels, wharves, and plant.
Published: 03/09/2021
Pages: 286
Table of contents
Cited references
Content history
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
Preface
Introduction
1 Scope and general
1.1 Scope
1.2 Normative references
1.3 Terms and definitions
2 System performance and design
2.1 General
2.2 System performance
2.2.1 Classification of fire hydrants
2.2.2 External fire hydrants
2.2.3 Internal fire hydrants
2.2.4 Feed, attack, and attack/feed fire hydrants
2.2.5 Number of fire hydrant outlets required to flow simultaneously
2.2.6 Pressure and flow
2.2.7 Multiple firefighting systems
2.2.8 Class 7a carparks
2.2.9 Gravity break tanks
2.2.10 Feed fire hydrants
2.2.10.1 General
2.2.10.2 Street fire hydrants
2.2.11 Attack fire hydrants
2.2.11.1 External attack fire hydrants
2.2.11.2 Internal attack fire hydrants
2.2.11.3 External attack/feed fire hydrants
2.2.12 On-site pumps
2.2.13 On-site tanks and pumps
2.2.14 Fire brigade booster assembly
2.2.14.1 Feed fire hydrants
2.2.14.2 Suction connections
2.2.14.3 Fire brigade booster connection inlets
2.2.15 Half-duty fire hydrant pumps
2.2.16 Full-duty fire hydrant pumps
2.3 Hydraulic design parameters
2.3.1 General
2.3.2 Design pressures
2.3.3 Design velocity
2.3.4 Hydraulic loss — Backflow prevention and metering
2.3.5 Hydraulic loss — Pipes, valves, and fittings
2.3.6 Ring main design
2.3.7 Fire brigade boost pressure
3 Hydrant classification, location, and coverage
3.1 General
3.2 Fire hydrants
3.2.1 Classification
3.2.2 Features, accessibility, and clearances
3.2.2.1 General
3.2.2.2 Clearances
3.2.2.3 External on-site fire hydrants
3.2.2.4 Orientation of external fire hydrants
3.2.2.5 Internal fire hydrants
3.2.2.6 Orientation of internal fire hydrants
3.3 Hardstands
3.4 Location of fire hydrants
3.5 External fire hydrants
3.5.1 General
3.5.2 Street hydrants
3.5.3 Location
3.5.3.1 General
3.5.3.2 External feed fire hydrants
3.5.3.3 External attack fire hydrants
3.5.3.4 External attack/feed fire hydrants
3.5.4 Fire brigade booster assembly — Feed fire hydrants
3.5.5 Protection of fire hydrants
3.5.5.1 Sprinkler-protected buildings
3.5.5.2 Non-sprinkler-protected buildings
3.6 Internal fire hydrants
3.6.1 General
3.6.2 Location
3.6.3 Additional internal fire hydrants
3.7 Fire compartments
3.8 Rooftop plant rooms
3.9 Open yard protection
3.10 Marinas
3.11 Method of measurement and limitations
3.11.1 General
3.11.2 Doorways
3.11.3 Obstructions
3.11.4 Measurements from a fire brigade pumping appliance
4 Water sources and supply
4.1 Water sources
4.1.1 General
4.1.2 Adequacy of water sources
4.1.3 Water quality
4.1.3.1 General
4.1.3.2 Water types
4.2 Water supply
4.2.1 Primary water supply requirements
4.2.2 Primary water supply options
4.2.3 Multiple firefighting systems
4.2.4 Recycling
4.2.5 Secondary water supply requirements
4.2.6 On-site water storage tanks
4.2.6.1 General
4.2.6.2 When an on-site water storage tank is required
4.2.6.3 Full-capacity water storage tanks
4.2.6.4 Reduced-capacity water storage tanks
4.2.6.5 Break tanks
4.2.6.6 High-rise water storage tanks
4.2.6.7 Gravity break tank
4.2.7 Water supply pressure
4.2.7.1 General
4.2.7.1.1 Reticulated water supply system
4.2.7.1.2 Minimum design residual pressure
4.2.7.2 Tanks
4.2.7.3 River, lake, dam, or sea
4.2.8 Arrangement of water supplies
4.3 Connections to water sources or supplies
4.3.1 Connection to a reticulated water supply
4.3.1.1 General
4.3.1.2 Backflow prevention devices
4.3.2 Connection to on-site private water supplies
4.3.2.1 General
4.3.2.2 Ring mains for private water supplies
4.3.3 Connection to water storage tanks
4.3.4 Connection to sea, river, lake or dam water
4.4 Fixed suction connection
5 Water storage tanks
5.1 General
5.2 Tank construction
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Concrete tanks
5.2.3 Steel tanks
5.3 Tank accessories
5.3.1 Fire brigade suction connections
5.3.1.1 General
5.3.1.2 Large-bore suction connections
5.3.1.3 Small-bore suction connections
5.3.2 Suction lines
5.3.2.1 Fixed on-site pump suction line
5.3.2.2 Large- and small-bore suction lines
5.3.3 Tank fill time
6 Pumpsets
6.1 General
6.2 When a pumpset is required
6.2.1 Half-duty fire hydrant pumpsets
6.2.2 Full-duty fire hydrant pumpsets
6.2.3 Pressure maintenance pumps
6.2.4 Secondary water supply pumps
6.3 Pumpset design criteria
6.3.1 Half-duty fire hydrant pumpsets
6.3.2 Full-duty fire hydrant pumpsets
6.3.3 Jockey pumps
6.3.4 Secondary water supply pumpsets
6.4 Fire hydrant pumpsets
6.4.1 Pumpset configurations
6.4.2 One pump — Buildings having an effective height not more than 25 m
6.5 Full-duty fire hydrant pumpsets
6.6 Secondary water supply pumpsets
6.7 Fixed on-site pumpsets in parallel with the fire brigade booster assembly
6.8 Fixed on-site pumpsets in series with the fire brigade booster assembly
6.8.1 Connection requirements
6.8.2 Additional requirements
6.9 Pump control — Fire hydrant pumps
6.9.1 Primary starting arrangements
6.9.2 Secondary starting arrangements
6.10 Electric driver isolating switches
6.11 Pump room or enclosure
6.11.1 General
6.11.2 Internal pump rooms
6.11.3 External pump rooms or enclosures
7 Fire brigade booster assembly
7.1 General
7.2 When a fire brigade booster assembly is required
7.3 Location
7.3.1 Position
7.3.2 Visual alarm device
7.3.3 Accessibility, clearance, and protection
7.3.4 Multiple buildings on-site
7.4 Types of fire brigade booster assemblies
7.5 Fire brigade booster assembly design and arrangement
7.5.1 General
7.5.2 Number of booster connection inlets required
7.5.3 H-pattern fire brigade booster assembly
7.5.4 In-line fire brigade booster assembly
7.5.5 I-pattern fire brigade booster assembly
7.5.6 Tank model fire brigade booster assembly
7.5.7 Tank suction fire brigade booster assembly
7.6 Protection of fire brigade booster assemblies
7.6.1 Sprinkler-protected buildings
7.6.2 Non-sprinkler-protected buildings — Passive protection requirements
7.6.3 Non-sprinkler-protected buildings — Passive and active protection requirements
8 Pipework design and installation
8.1 General
8.2 Ground conditions
8.3 Fire mains
8.4 External pipework
8.5 Internal pipework
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Copper pipe
8.6 Ring main
8.6.1 General
8.6.2 Design criteria
8.6.2.1 Buildings having an effective height more than 25 m
8.6.2.2 Large isolated buildings
8.7 Isolating valves
8.7.1 General
8.7.2 Location
8.8 Interconnections
8.9 System monitoring
8.9.1 General
8.9.2 Class A monitoring devices
8.9.3 Class B monitoring devices
8.9.4Monitoring devices required
8.9.5 Components to be monitored
8.10 Test facility
8.10.1 General
8.10.2 Permanent test facility
8.10.3 Permanent test facility drainage
8.10.4 Reduced-capacity tank test facility
8.11 Fire hose reel service isolating valves
8.12 Pressure management
8.13 High-rise design criteria
8.13.1 General
8.13.2 Bottom-up fire hydrant system design
8.13.3 Cascade fire hydrant system design
8.13.4 Pressure-reducing valve station
9 Pipes, valves and fittings
9.1 General
9.2 Pipe, valves and fittings specifications
9.2.1 Above-ground pipework
9.2.2 Below-ground pipework
9.2.3 Additional requirements for steel pipe and fittings
9.2.3.1 General
9.2.3.2 Galvanized steel pipe and fittings
9.3 Valve specifications
9.3.1 Fire hydrant valves
9.3.2 Isolating valves
9.3.2.1 Above-ground isolating valves
9.3.2.2 Below-ground isolating valves
9.3.3 Non-return valves
9.3.4 Backflow prevention devices
9.4 Fire brigade booster connections
9.5 Metal pipe joints
9.5.1 General
9.5.2 Roll-grooved fittings and couplings
9.5.2.1 Galvanized steel pipe
9.5.2.2 Stainless steel
9.5.2.3 Copper tube
9.5.3 Shouldered fittings and couplings
9.5.4 Compression systems
9.5.4.1 Compression type couplings
9.5.4.2 Press fit type systems
9.5.5 Gasket seals
9.5.6 Brazed joints in copper pipework
9.5.7 Flange joints
9.6 Plastics pipe joints
9.7 Pipe marking
9.7.1 Steel pipe
9.7.2 Copper pipe
9.7.3 Stainless steel pipe
9.7.4 Plastics pipe
9.8 Corrosion protection
9.8.1 General
9.8.2 Polyethylene extruded plastics coating and tape
9.8.3 Petrolatum tape coating
9.8.4 Polymeric coating
9.8.5 Cement mortar lining
10 Pipe supports
10.1 General
10.2 Pipe support design
10.2.1 General
10.2.2 Sway support
10.2.3 Pipe support in seismic areas
10.3 Materials for pipework support
10.4 Protection of pipe supports
10.4.1 Fire rating
10.4.2 Corrosion protection
10.4.3 Dissimilar metals
10.5 Requirements for pipe-support components
10.5.1 General
10.5.2 U-bolts used for clamping down
10.5.3 U-bolts for clamping up and threaded rods for supporting pipework
10.5.4 U-hangers/saddles (clips)
10.5.5 Saddle brackets and girder or beam clamps
10.5.6 Pear hangers/pipe bands
10.5.7 Two-piece bolted clamps
10.5.8 Welded nut clips and split ring hangers
10.5.9 Riser clamps
10.5.10 Channel/strut clips
10.5.11 Pipe support beams (trapeze bar)
10.6 Spacing of supports
10.7 Location of supports
10.7.1 Horizontal pipework
10.7.2 Vertical pipework
10.8 Fixing of pipe supports
10.8.1 General
10.8.2 Fixing to concrete, masonry or steel
10.8.3 Fixing to timber
10.9 Thrust blocks and anchors
10.10 Penetration of pipework through structures
11 Ancillary equipment, signage and baseline data
11.1 General
11.2 Cabinets, enclosures or recesses
11.2.1 Fire brigade booster assembly
11.2.1.1 General
11.2.1.2 Construction
11.2.2 Doors of fire brigade booster assembly cabinets and enclosures
11.2.3 Fire hydrant cabinets
11.3 Signage
11.3.1 Fire brigade booster assembly
11.3.2 Attack fire hydrants in fire brigade booster assembly cabinets
11.3.3 Large- and small-bore suction connection
11.3.4 Notice-of-pressure signs (baseline data)
11.3.4.1 Test pressure signage
11.3.4.2 Boost pressure signage
11.3.5 Fire hydrants
11.3.6 Water storage tanks and equipment
11.3.6.1 Water storage tank general signage
11.3.6.2 Water storage tank quick-fill valve
11.3.6.3 Water storage tank access
11.3.6.4 Warning signs
11.3.7 Pumps
11.3.7.1 Pumps in series
11.3.7.2 Full-duty fire hydrant pumps
11.4 Pressure gauges
11.4.1 General
11.4.2 Location of pressure gauges
11.4.3 Pressure schedule (baseline data)
11.5 Block plan (baseline data)
11.6 Location plan — Additional fire hydrants (baseline data)
11.7 Location plan — Street fire hydrants (baseline data)
11.8 Pipework identification
12 Commissioning
12.1 General
12.2 Hydrostatic testing — Feed fire hydrant systems
12.2.1 All joints accessible
12.2.2 All joints not accessible
12.3 Hydrostatic testing — Attack fire hydrant systems
12.3.1 Buildings having an effective height not more than 50 m
12.3.2 Buildings having an effective height more than 50 m
12.4 Flow and pressure performance testing
12.4.1 Maximum static pressure
12.4.2 Unassisted feed, attack or attack/feed fire hydrants
12.4.3 Fire brigade booster assemblies
12.4.4 Half-duty fire hydrant pumpsets
12.4.5 Full-duty fire hydrant pumpsets
12.4.6 Jockey pumps
12.4.7 Friction loss
12.4.8 Multiple firefighting systems
12.5 Commissioning and acceptance testing requirements
12.6 Inspection
12.7 Documentation
Appendix A
A.1 General
A.2 Documentation
A.2.1 General
A.2.2 System performance and design
A.2.3 Fire hydrant coverage
A.2.4 Water sources and supply
A.2.5 Water storage tanks
A.2.6 Pumpsets
A.2.7 Fire brigade booster assembly
A.2.8 Pipework
A.2.9 Pipe support
A.2.10 Ancillary equipment and signage
A.2.11 Commissioning
A.2.12 Commissioning documentation
Appendix B
B.1 General
B.2 Class 2 to 9 buildings having an effective height not more than 25 m
Appendix C
C.1 Introduction
C.2 Large isolated buildings – Fire hydrant system design
C.2.1 General
C.2.2 Provision for special hazards
C.2.3 Volume and the number of fire hydrants required to flow
C.2.4 Fire brigade booster assemblies and other firefighting infrastructure
C.2.5 Fire hydrant coverage
C.2.6 Fire hydrant location
C.2.7 Fire hydrant system pipework
C.2.8 Fire hydrant pumps
C.2.9 Fire hydrant system design
C.3 Automatic Storage and Retrieval Systems
C.3.1 General
C.3.1.1 Mini-load ASRS
C.3.1.2 Pallet-style ASRS
C.3.1.3 Top-load ASRS
C.3.2 Fire hydrant system design considerations
C.3.3 Firefighting infrastructure
C.3.3.1 Fire hydrant system
C.3.3.1.1 Mini-load or pallet-style ASRS
C.3.3.2 Top-loading ASRS
C.3.4 Fire sprinkler system infrastructure
C.3.5 Water storage capacity and duration
C.3.6 Additional provisions
C.4 Building Features
C.4.1 Smoke hazard management, lighting, and fire brigade wayfinding
C.4.2 Provisions for special hazards
C.4.3 Lighting
C.4.4 Provision of exits, travel distance and SCBA
C.5 Pre-planning
Appendix D
D.1 General
D.2 Background
D.3 The three “r’s”
D.4 Supporting fire brigade intervention
D.5 Improving redundancy and reliability
Appendix E
E.1 General
E.2 Hazards
E.3 Factors to be considered
E.4 Hazard analysis and additional considerations
Appendix F
F.1 Scope
F.2 Introduction
F.2.1 Firefighters
F.2.2 Response capability
F.2.3 Equipment
F.2.4 Implications for design
F.3 Fire brigade operations
F.3.1 General
F.3.2 Incident control
F.3.3 Size up
F.3.3.1 General
F.3.3.2 Building
F.3.3.3 Exposures
F.3.3.4 Location
F.3.3.5 Extinguishment
F.3.3.6 Assistance
F.3.4Objectives
F.3.5 Strategies
F.3.6 Tactics
F.3.7 Tasks
F.3.7.1 General
F.3.7.2 Fire ground sectoring
F.3.7.3 Firefighting operations — Low-rise buildings
F.3.7.4 Firefighting operations — High-rise buildings
F.3.8 Overhaul and salvage
F.3.9 Implications for design
F.4 Fire brigade pumping appliances
F.4.1 General
F.4.2 Fire brigade aerial appliances
F.4.3 Pumping operations
F.4.4 Draughting operations
F.4.5 Implications for design
Appendix G
G.1 Scope
G.2 General
G.3 Classification of fire hydrants
G.3.1 External fire hydrants
G.3.2 Internal fire hydrants
G.3.3 Feed, attack and attack/feed fire hydrants
G.3.3.1 Feed fire hydrants
G.3.3.2 Attack fire hydrants
G.3.3.3 Attack/feed fire hydrants
G.4 System performance
G.4.1 Number of fire hydrant outlets required to flow
G.4.2 Pressure and flow
G.4.3 Multiple firefighting systems
G.4.4 Class 7a car parks — Multiple firefighting systems
G.4.5 Feed fire hydrants
G.4.6 Street fire hydrants
G.4.7 Unassisted attack fire hydrants – External and Internal
G.4.8 Assisted attack fire hydrants — External and internal
G.4.9 Attack/Feed fire hydrants
G.4.10 On-site pumps
G.4.11 On-site tanks and pumps
G.4.12 Fire brigade booster assembly
G.4.13 Pumps
G.5 Hydraulic design parameters
Appendix H
H.1 Scope
H.2 General
H.3 Fire hydrant features, accessibility, and clearances
H.4 Hardstands
H.5 Location of fire hydrants
H.6 External fire hydrants
H.6.1 General
H.6.1.1 Application
H.6.1.2 Fire hydrant coverage limitations — Fire brigade pumping appliances
H.6.1.3 Fire hydrant coverage limitation — External attack fire hydrant
H.6.1.4 External fire hydrant coverage limitations
H.6.2 Street fire hydrants
H.6.3 Location of external fire hydrants
H.6.3.1 General
H.6.3.2 External feed fire hydrants
H.6.3.3 External attack fire hydrants
H.6.3.4 External attack/feed fire hydrants
H.6.4 Fire brigade booster assembly — Feed fire hydrants
H.6.5 Protection of external fire hydrants — Sprinkler-protected buildings
H.6.6 Protection of external fire hydrants — Non-sprinkler-protected buildings
H.7 Internal fire hydrants
H.7.1 General
H.7.2 Location
H.7.3 Additional fire hydrants
H.8 Marinas
H.9 Method of measurement and hose lay limitations
H.9.1 General
H.9.2 Doorways
H.9.3 Obstructions
H.9.4 Measurements from a fire brigade pumping appliance
Appendix I
I.1 General
I.2 Residential streets and accessways
I.3 Commercial and industrial streets and accessways
Appendix J
J.1 Scope
J.2 General
J.3 Flow
J.4 Pressure
J.5 Fire hydrant coverage
J.5.1 Feed fire hydrant coverage
J.5.2 Attack fire hydrant coverage
J.6 Pipe work design and materials
J.6.1 Isolating valves
J.6.2 Pipework
Appendix K
K.1 Scope
K.2 Water sources
K.2.1 General
K.2.2 Adequacy of water sources
K.2.3 Water quality
K.3 Water supply
K.3.1 General
K.3.2 Primary water supply
K.3.3 Secondary water supply requirements
K.3.4 On-site water storage tanks
K.3.4.1 General
K.3.4.2 When an on-site water storage tank is required
K.3.4.3 Full-capacity tanks
K.3.4.4 Reduced-capacity tanks
K.3.4.5 Break tanks
K.3.4.6 High-rise water storage tanks
K.3.4.7 Gravity break tanks
K.3.5 Water supply pressure
K.3.6 Arrangement of water supplies
K.4 Connections to water sources and supplies
K.4.1 Connection to a reticulated water supply
K.4.2 Connection to on-site private water supply
K.4.3 Connection to an on-site water storage tank
K.4.4 River, lake, dam or seawater
K.5 Fixed suction connection
Appendix L
L.1 Scope
L.2 Water supply system characteristics
L.3 Source water supply pressure
L.3.1 Reticulated water supply
L.3.2 Tanks
L.3.3 Seasonally affected water sources
L.4 Pressures for multiple firefighting systems
L.5 Calculation methods using field test results
L.5.1 General
L.5.2 Flow measurement method
L.5.2.1 Procedure
L.5.2.2 Calculations
L.5.3 Head loss calculation method
L.5.3.1 Procedure
L.5.3.2 Calculations
Appendix M
M.1 Scope
M.2 General
M.3 Tank accessories — Fire brigade suction connections
Appendix N
N.1 General
N.2 When a pumpset is required
N.3 Pumpset design criteria
N.3.1 Half-duty fire hydrant pumpsets
N.3.2 Full-duty fire hydrant pumpsets
N.3.3 Secondary water supply pumpsets
N.4 Fire hydrant pumpsets
N.4.1 Pumpset configurations
N.4.2 Fire hydrant pumpset - One pump
N.5 Full-duty fire hydrant pumps — High-rise fire hydrant system configurations
N.6 Fixed on-site pumpsets in parallel with the fire brigade booster assembly
N.7 Fixed on-site pumpsets in series with the fire brigade booster assembly
N.8 Ring main design
N.8.1 Application
N.8.2 Buildings more than 25 m and multi-tower developments
N.8.3 Large isolated buildings
N.9 Test facility
N.9.1 General
N.9.2 General
N.9.2.1 Flow test tube
N.9.2.2 Permanently connected hose fittings
N.9.3 Permanent test facility drainage
N.9.4 Reduced-capacity tanks test facility
N.10 Pressure-reducing valve station
Appendix O
O.1 General
O.2 Facilities for testing
Appendix P
P.1 Scope
P.2 General
P.3 When a fire brigade booster assembly is required
P.4 Location
P.4.1 Position
P.4.2 Fire brigade booster assembly location considerations
P.4.2.1 Large isolated buildings
P.4.2.2 High-rise buildings in metropolitan areas
P.4.2.3 Summary — Fire brigade booster assembly position and location
P.4.3 Visual alarm device
P.4.4 Accessibility, clearance and protection
P.4.5 Multiple buildings located on a site
P.5 Fire hydrant booster design and arrangement
P.5.1 General
P.5.2 I-pattern fire brigade booster assemblies
P.6 Protection of fire brigade booster assemblies
P.6.1 Sprinkler protected buildings
P.6.2 Non-sprinkler-protected buildings — Passive protection requirements
P.6.3 Non-sprinkler-protected buildings — Passive and active protection requirements
Appendix Q
Q.1 Scope
Q.2 Fire hose couplings
Q.3 Fire hose coupling threads
Appendix R
Appendix S
S.1 General
S.2 Preparation
S.3 Procedure
S.4 Fire hydrant systems incorporating feed fire hydrants only
S.4.1 Test 1 — All joints are accessible for inspection for the duration of the test
S.4.1.1 General
S.4.1.2 Acceptance criteria
S.4.1.3 Preparation and procedure
S.4.1.4 Reporting or results
S.4.2 Test 2 — All joints are not accessible for inspection
S.4.2.1 General
S.4.2.2 Acceptance criteria
S.4.2.3 Preparation and procedure
S.4.2.4 Reporting of results
S.5 Fire hydrant systems incorporating attack fire hydrants
S.5.1 Test 3 — Buildings less than 50 m in height
S.5.1.1 General
S.5.1.2 Acceptance criteria
S.5.1.3 Preparation and procedure
S.5.1.4 Reporting of results
S.5.2 Test 4 — Buildings more than 50 m in height
S.5.2.1 General
S.5.2.2 Acceptance criteria
S.5.2.3 Preparation and procedure
S.5.2.4 Reporting of results
S.6 Allowable make-up water usage during testing
S.7 Reporting of results
Appendix T
T.1 General
T.2 Purpose
T.3 Preparation
T.4 Test 1 — Presence of water
T.4.1 Procedure
T.4.2 Reporting of results
T.5 Test 2 — Static pressure — Attack fire hydrants
T.5.1 Acceptance criteria
T.5.2 Procedure
T.5.3 Reporting of results
T.6 Test 3 — Unassisted feed or attack fire hydrant flow and pressure performance
T.6.1 Acceptance criteria
T.6.2 Procedure
T.6.3 Reporting of results
T.7 Test 4 — Fire brigade booster assembly
T.7.1 Acceptance criteria
T.7.2 Procedure
T.7.3 Reporting of results
T.8 Test 5 — Fixed on-site or full-duty fire hydrant pumpsets
T.8.1 Acceptance criteria
T.8.2 Procedure
T.8.3 Reporting of results
T.9 Test 6 — Jockey pumps
T.9.1 Acceptance criteria
T.9.2 Procedure
T.9.3 Reporting of results
T.10 Test 8 — On-site tank and tank suction fire brigade booster assembly
T.10.1 Acceptance criteria
T.10.2 Procedure
T.10.3 Reporting of results
Appendix U
U.1 General
U.2 Supply pressure variation
Bibliography
Cited references in this standard
Content history
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