Standard
Track updates
AS 2316.2.1:2025
[Current]Artificial climbing structures and challenge courses, Part 2.1: Flying foxes and challenge ropes courses - Construction and safety requirements
AS 2316.2.1:2025 provides regulators, designers, and manufacturers with clear requirements for the design, construction, and inspection of flying foxes and challenge courses.
Published: 12/12/2025
Pages: 125
Table of contents
Cited references
Content history
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
Preface
Introduction
1 Scope and general
1.1 Scope
1.2 Application
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Design
4.1 General
4.2 Benefit-risk assessment
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Generic benefit-risk assessment
4.2.3 Site-specific benefit-risk assessment
4.2.4 Dynamic benefit-risk assessment
4.3 Basis of design
4.3.1 Site selection and characteristics
4.3.1.1 Environment
4.3.1.2 Climate variability and severe weather events
4.3.1.3 Site emergency access and egress
4.3.1.4 Use of structures
4.3.1.5 Use of buildings
4.3.2 Intended participants
4.3.3 Universal design
4.4 Structural materials
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Selection of structural components
4.4.3 Timber parts
4.5 Loads
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Dead loads
4.5.3 Live loads
4.5.4 Working loads
4.5.5 Rescue loads
4.5.6 Wind loads
4.5.6.1 General
4.5.6.2 Environmental wind
4.5.7 Seismic loadings
4.5.8 Snow and ice loads
4.5.9 Other special loadings
4.6 Trees
4.7 Poles
4.7.1 Pole selection
4.7.2 Pole depth
4.7.3 Backfill selection and compaction
4.7.4 Pole stability
4.7.5 Pole caps
4.7.6 Structural design
4.8 Anchors
4.8.1 Bolted anchors
4.8.2 Welded anchors
4.8.3 Wrapped anchors
4.9 Critical cable and components
4.9.1 General
4.9.2 Critical and activity line cable relationship
4.9.3 Fitting and terminations
4.9.4 Cable testing and calculations
4.9.4.1 Critical assembly samples
4.9.4.2 Backup assembly
4.9.5 Final dimensions of compressions
4.9.6 Backup loops
4.9.7 Critical cable slope
4.9.8 Cable life
4.9.9 Attachment and adjustment hardware
4.9.10 Shackles and other connectors
4.9.11 Thimbles
4.10 Guy cables
4.11 Activity elements
4.11.1 General
4.11.2 Cable selection
4.11.3 Cable terminations
4.11.4 Connection hardware
4.11.5 Steel components
4.11.5.1 General
4.11.5.2 Solid components
4.11.5.3 Hollow components
4.11.6 Timber components
4.11.7 Sharp items
4.11.8 Moving and swinging elements
4.11.9 Heavy elements
4.11.10 Point loading
4.11.11 Climbing and traversing walls
4.11.12 Climbing nets
4.11.13 Transition between sequential elements
4.11.14 Fibre rope
4.12 Platforms
4.13 Free space
4.13.1 General
4.13.2 No-go zone
4.14 Fall protection
4.14.1 Requirements for impact attenuation
4.14.2 Fall protection heights
4.14.3 Assisted belay systems
4.14.4 Free height of fall
4.14.5 Impact attenuating surface
4.14.6 Spotting
4.14.7 Belay systems
4.14.7.1 Full body harness
4.14.7.2 Self-belay system
4.14.7.3 Continuous belay systems
4.14.7.4 Vertical progression
4.14.7.5 Belay systems used for access
4.14.7.6 Automated descending devices
4.14.7.7 Personal protective equipment
4.15 Continuous tracks and rails
4.15.1 Continuous tracks
4.15.2 Continuous rails
4.16 Design verification and commissioning
4.17 Element access
4.17.1 General
4.17.2 Element access requirements
4.17.3 Unauthorized access and signage
4.17.4 Rescue design
5 Specific requirements for flying foxes
5.1 General
5.2 Low challenge course flying foxes
5.3 High challenge course flying foxes
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Types of flying fox
5.3.3 Structural requirements
5.3.4 Braking systems
6 Information
6.1 Instructions
6.2 Design documentation
6.3 Builder of flying foxes and challenge courses
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Installation manual
7 Identification
7.1 General
7.2 Identification marking
Appendix A
A.1 Scope
A.2 General
A.3 Entrapment of foot or leg
A.4 Entrapment of head and neck
A.4.1 General
A.4.2 Completely bound openings
A.4.2.1 Apparatus
A.4.2.2 Procedure
A.4.3 Partially bound and V-shaped openings
A.4.3.1 Apparatus
A.4.3.2 Procedure
A.5 Pinching, crushing and finger entrapment
A.5.1 General
A.5.2 Apparatus
A.5.3 Procedure
A.6 Entrapment toggle test of clothing and hair
A.6.1 General
A.6.2 Apparatus
A.6.3 Procedure
Appendix B
B.1 Regional seismic maps
B.2 Wind speeds and alpine areas
Appendix C
C.1 Scope
C.2 Principle
C.3 Apparatus
C.3.1 Fall test headform
C.3.2 Accelerometer
C.3.3 Impact measurement equipment
C.4 Test procedure
C.4.1 Selecting the test position
C.4.1.1 Pre-installation testing
C.4.1.2 Onsite testing
C.4.2 Specific test procedures
C.5 Calculation of results
C.5.1 Gmax
C.5.2 t2– t1
C.5.3 Head injury criteria
C.6 Test report
Appendix D
D.1 Scope
D.2 General
D.3 Determining the benefit-risk
D.4 Assessment team
D.5 Risk tolerability
D.6 Benefit assessment
D.7 Risk assessment
D.8 Method for determining balance between benefit and risk
D.9 Examples of benefit-risk assessment
D.9.1 General
D.9.2 Crate stacking activity
D.9.2.1 General
D.9.2.2 Benefit matrix
D.9.2.3 Risk matrix
D.9.2.4 Benefit-risk assessment evaluation
D.9.3 High ropes flying fox activity
D.9.3.1 General
D.9.3.2 Benefit matrix
D.9.3.3 Risk matrix
D.9.3.4 Benefit-risk assessment evaluation
D.9.4 Low ropes < 3 m high traverse activity
D.9.4.1 General
D.9.4.2 Benefit matrix
D.9.4.3 Risk matrix
D.9.4.4 Benefit-risk assessment evaluation
Appendix E
E.1 Scope
E.2 Principal
E.3 Setup
E.4 Apparatus
E.5 Procedure
E.5.1 Vertical static load
E.5.2 Vertical fatigue load
E.5.3 Vertical impact
E.5.4 Test report
E.5.5 Labelling
Appendix F
F.1 General
F.2 Sample communication signs or cards
Appendix G
Appendix H
H.1 Mulch and root care
H.2 Bolt replacement and drilling
H.3 Tree screw anchors
H.4 Platforms
Appendix I
I.1 General
I.2 Crate stacking activity
I.3 Giant swing activity
I.4 Free-fall activity
I.5 Safety nets
Bibliography
Cited references in this standard
[Superseded]
Specification for preservative treatment, Part 1: Sawn and round timber
[Current]
Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders - Design, construction and installation
AS 1891 (series)
Personal equipment for work at height
AS 1892 (series)
Portable ladders
[Superseded]
Artificial climbing structures and challenge courses, Part 1: Fixed and mobile artificial climbing and abseiling walls
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